The Soyuz MS-02 spacecraft is seen as it lands with Expedition 50 Commander Shane Kimbrough of NASA and Flight Engineers Sergey Ryzhikov and Andrey Borisenko of Roscosmos near the town of Zhezkazgan, Kazakhstan on Monday, April 10, 2017 (Kazakh time). Kimbrough, Ryzhikov, and Borisenko are returning after 173 days in space where they served as members of the Expedition 49 and 50 crews onboard the International Space Station. Photo Credit: (NASA/Bill Ingalls)
On Monday, two Russian cosmonauts and a US astronaut returned to earth from the ISS in a Soyuz capsule:
Expedition 50 Commander Shane Kimbrough of NASA and Soyuz Commander Sergey Ryzhikov and Flight Engineer Andrey Borisenko of Roscosmos landed safely near the town of Dzhezkazgan, Kazakhstan April 10 after bidding farewell to their colleagues on the complex and undocking their Soyuz MS-02 spacecraft from the Poisk Module on the International Space Station. The trio spent 173 days in space conducting research and operational work in support of the station.
Here is a longer video with more scenes of the departure from the ISS and the descent and landing:
2. Tuesday, April 11, 2017: 7-8:30 pm PDT, 10-11:30 pm EDT, 9-10:30 pm CDT: We welcome back Dr. John Hunter regarding his Green Launch program along with delivering DNA to the Karman line..
3. Friday, April 14, 2016: 9:30-11 am PDT, 12:30-2 pm EDT, 11:30 am – 1:00 pm CDT: We welcome back Tracey Knutson KNUTSON. Tracey specializes in informed consent agreements and requirements.
4. Sunday, April 16, 2017: 12-1:30 pm DST (3-4:30 pm EDT, 2-3:30 pm CDT): We welcome back Al Globus for updates on his work with free space settlements.
An earlier posting here described the “Grande Finale” of the Cassini spacecraft mission to Saturn. Here is a panel news conference held last week in which the panelists talked about the final activities of the spacecraft starting with a
final close flyby of Saturn’s moon Titan on April 22 [which] will reshape the Cassini spacecraft’s orbit so that it begins its final series of 22 weekly dives through the unexplored gap between the planet and its rings. The first of these dives is planned for April 26. Following these closer-than-ever encounters with the giant planet, Cassini will make a mission-ending plunge into Saturn’s upper atmosphere on Sept. 15.
Astronomers have detected an atmosphere around the super-Earth GJ 1132b. This marks the first detection of an atmosphere around a low-mass Super-Earth, in terms of radius and mass the most Earth-like planet around which an atmosphere has yet been detected. Thus, this is a significant step on the path towards the detection of life on an exoplanet. The team, which includes researchers from the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, used the 2.2 m ESO/MPG telescope in Chile to take images of the planet’s host star GJ 1132, and measuring the slight decrease in brightness as the planet and its atmosphere absorbed some of the starlight while passing directly in front of their host star.
Artist’s impression of the exoplanet GJ 1132 b, which orbits the red dwarf star GJ 1132. Astronomers have managed to detect the atmosphere of this Earth-like planet. [less] Image credits: MPIAWhile it’s not the detection of life on another planet, it’s an important step in the right direction: the detection of an atmosphere around the super-Earth GJ 1132b marks the first time an atmosphere has been detected around a planet with a mass and radius close to that of Earth (1.6 Earth masses, and 1.4 Earth radii).
Astronomers’ current strategy for finding life on another planet is to detect the chemical composition of that planet’s atmosphere, on the look-out for certain chemical imbalances that require the presence of living organisms as an explanation. In the case of our own Earth, the presence of large amounts of oxygen is such a trace.
We’re still a long way from that detection though. Until the work described in this article, the (few!) observations of light from exoplanet atmospheres all involved planets much more massive than Earth: gas giants – relatives of our own Solar System’s Jupiter – and a large super-Earth with more than eight times the Earth’s mass. With the present observation, we’ve taken the first tentative steps into analyzing the atmosphere of smaller, lower-mass planets that are much more Earth-like in size and mass.
The planet in question, GJ 1132b, orbits the red dwarf star GJ 1132 in the Southern constellation Vela, at a distance of 39 light-years from us. Recently, the system has come under scrutiny by a team led by John Southworth (Keele University, UK). The project was conceived, and the observations coordinated, by Luigi Mancini, formerly of the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy (MPIA) and now working at the University of Rome Tor Vergata. Additional MPIA team members were Paul Mollière, and Thomas Henning.
The team used the GROND imager at the 2.2 m ESO/MPG telescope of the European Southern Observatory in Chile to observe the planet simultaneously in seven different wavelength bands. GJ 1132b is a transiting planet: From the perspective of an observer on Earth, it passes directly in front of its star every 1.6 days, blocking some of the star’s light.
The size of stars like GJ 1132 is well known from stellar models. From the fraction of starlight blocked by the planet, astronomers can deduce the planet’s size – in this case around 1.4 times the size of the Earth. Crucially, the new observations showed the planet to be larger one of the infrared wavelengths than at the others. This suggests the presence of an atmosphere that is opaque to this specific infrared light (making the planet appear larger), but transparent at all the others. Different possible versions of the atmosphere were then simulated by team members at the University of Cambridge and the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy. According to those models, an atmosphere rich in water and methane would explain the observations very well.
The discovery comes with the usual exoplanet caveats: while somewhat larger than Earth, and with 1.6 times Earth’s mass (as determined by earlier measurements), observations to date do not provide sufficient data to decide how similar or dissimilar GJ 1132b is to Earth. Possibilities include a “water world” with an atmosphere of hot steam.
The presence of the atmosphere is a reason for cautious optimism. M dwarfs are the most common types of star, and show high levels of activity; for some set-ups, this activity (in the shape of flares and particle streams) can be expected to blow away nearby planets’ atmospheres. GJ 1132b provides a hopeful counterexample of an atmosphere that has endured for billion of years (that is, long enough for us to detect it). Given the great number of M dwarf stars, such atmospheres could mean that the preconditions for life are quite common in the universe.
In any case, the new observations make GJ 1132b a high-priority target for further study by instruments such as the Hubble Space Telescope, ESO’s Very Large Telescope, and the James Webb Space Telescope slated for launch in 2018.
Background information
The team members are John Southworth (Keele University), Luigi Mancini (Max Planck Institute for Astronomy [MPIA], Universita die Roma Tor Vergata, INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torinio), Nikku Madhusudhan (University of Cambridge), Paul Mollière (MPIA), Simona Ciceri (Stockholm University), and Thomas Henning (MPIA).
The work described here has been published as J. Southworth et al., “Detection of the atmosphere of the 1.6 Earth mass exoplanet GJ 1132B” in the Astronomical Journal.
.
