The moons in the solar system continue to get more and more interesting. For example, Hubble telescope observations of Jupiter’s largest moon Ganymede indicate that it could have a huge saltwater ocean beneath a deep layer of ice:

NASA’s Hubble Observations Suggest Underground Ocean on
Jupiter’s Largest Moon

NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope has the best evidence yet for an underground saltwater ocean on Ganymede, Jupiter’s largest moon. The subterranean ocean is thought to have more water than all the water on Earth’s surface.

Identifying liquid water is crucial in the search for habitable worlds beyond Earth and for the search of life as we know it.

In this artist’s concept, the moon Ganymede orbits the giant planet Jupiter. NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope observed aurorae on the moon generated by Ganymede’s magnetic fields. A saline ocean under the moon’s icy crust best explains shifting in the auroral belts measured by Hubble. Image Credit: NASA/ESA

“This discovery marks a significant milestone, highlighting what only Hubble can accomplish,” said John Grunsfeld, associate administrator of NASA’s Science Mission Directorate at NASA Headquarters, Washington. “In its 25 years in orbit, Hubble has made many scientific discoveries in our own solar system. A deep ocean under the icy crust of Ganymede opens up further exciting possibilities for life beyond Earth.”

Ganymede is the largest moon in our solar system and the only moon with its own magnetic field. The magnetic field causes aurorae, which are ribbons of glowing, hot electrified gas, in regions circling the north and south poles of the moon. Because Ganymede is close to Jupiter, it is also embedded in Jupiter’s magnetic field. When Jupiter’s magnetic field changes, the aurorae on Ganymede also change, “rocking” back and forth.

By watching the rocking motion of the two aurorae, scientists were able to determine that a large amount of saltwater exists beneath Ganymede’s crust affecting its magnetic field.

A team of scientists led by Joachim Saur of the University of Cologne in Germany came up with the idea of using Hubble to learn more about the inside of the moon.

“I was always brainstorming how we could use a telescope in other ways,” said Saur. “Is there a way you could use a telescope to look inside a planetary body? Then I thought, the aurorae! Because aurorae are controlled by the magnetic field, if you observe the aurorae in an appropriate way, you learn something about the magnetic field. If you know the magnetic field, then you know something about the moon’s interior.”

If a saltwater ocean were present, Jupiter’s magnetic field would create a secondary magnetic field in the ocean that would counter Jupiter’s field. This “magnetic friction” would suppress the rocking of the aurorae. This ocean fights Jupiter’s magnetic field so strongly that it reduces the rocking of the aurorae to 2 degrees, instead of the 6 degrees, if the ocean was not present.

Scientists estimate the ocean is 60 miles (100 kilometers) thick – 10 times deeper than Earth’s oceans – and is buried under a 95-mile (150-kilometer) crust of mostly ice.

Scientists first suspected an ocean in Ganymede in the 1970s, based on models of the large moon. NASA’s Galileo mission measured Ganymede’s magnetic field in 2002, providing the first evidence supporting those suspicions. The Galileo spacecraft took brief “snapshot” measurements of the magnetic field in 20-minute intervals, but its observations were too brief to distinctly catch the cyclical rocking of the ocean’s secondary magnetic field.

The new observations were done in ultraviolet light and could only be accomplished with a space telescope high above the Earth’s atmosphere, which blocks most ultraviolet light.

NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope is celebrating 25 years of groundbreaking science on April 24. It has transformed our understanding of our solar system and beyond, and helped us find our place among the stars. To join the conversation about 25 years of Hubble discoveries, use the hashtag #Hubble25.

Hubble is a project of international cooperation between NASA and ESA (European Space Agency). NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, manages the telescope. The Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) in Baltimore, Maryland, conducts Hubble science operations. STScI is operated for NASA by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., in Washington.

For images and more information about Hubble, visit: www.nasa.gov/hubble and hubblesite.org/news/2015/09

Here’s an interesting report on the Jupiter moon Europa, it’s subsurface ocean, and why there is such interest in exploring it: Scientists think there could be life on Jupiter’s moon Europa. Here’s why – Vox

NASA and ESA mark the 10th anniversary of the landing of the Huygens probe onto Saturn’s moon Titan:

NASA and ESA Celebrate 10 Years Since Titan Landing

Ten years ago, an explorer from Earth parachuted into the haze of an alien moon toward an uncertain fate. After a gentle descent lasting more than two hours, it landed with a thud on a frigid floodplain, surrounded by icy cobblestones. With this feat, the Huygens probe accomplished humanity’s first landing on a moon in the outer solar system. Huygens was safely on Titan, the largest moon of Saturn.

The hardy probe not only survived the descent and landing, but continued to transmit data for more than an hour on the frigid surface of Titan, until its batteries were drained.

Since that historic moment, scientists from around the world have pored over volumes of data about Titan, sent to Earth by Huygens — a project of the European Space Agency — and its mothership, NASA’s Cassini spacecraft. In the past 10 years, data from the dynamic spacecraft duo have revealed many details of a surprisingly Earth-like world.

In addition to the technical wizardry needed to pull off this tour de force, international partnerships were critical to successfully delivering the two spacecraft to Saturn and Titan.

“A mission of this ambitious scale represents a triumph in international collaboration,” said Earl Maize, Cassini Project manager at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California.

“From the mission’s formal beginning in 1982, to Huygens’ spectacular landing 23 years later, to the present day, Cassini-Huygens owes much of its success to the tremendous synergy and cooperation between more than a dozen countries. This teamwork is still a major strength of the project as the Cassini orbiter continues to explore the Saturn system,” Maize said.

A gallery of some of the best images related to Huygens is available at:

http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/cassinifeatures/huygens10

A collection of Huygens’ top findings is available from the European Space Agency at:

http://sci.esa.int/huygens-titan-science-highlights

Cassini’s mission is slated to continue through September 2017.

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Science Summary: 10 Years of Unveiling Titan

A decade ago, Titan was known as a hidden, hazy world. Findings made by NASA’s Cassini mission and the European Space Agency’s Huygens probe have unveiled Titan as an “alien Earth,” providing scientists with a unique world to explore.

A sampling of the top discoveries at Titan includes:

Lakes and Seas

Titan is a world with lakes and seas, made up of liquid methane and ethane. It is believed that these bodies of hydrocarbons are replenished by methane and ethane rainfall from clouds in the moon’s atmosphere. Titan is the only other place in the solar system known to have an Earth-like cycle of liquids flowing across its surface.

Active Meteorology and Surface Processes

Liquid methane drizzles onto Titan’s surface. Just like clouds on Earth, clouds on Titan form through a cycle of evaporation and condensation, with methane vapor rising from the surface, forming clouds and falling back down as precipitation. Huygens data suggest the presence of layered methane clouds in Titan’s troposphere, at altitudes between about 5 and 20 miles (8 and 30 kilometers). Titan’s “hydrological” cycle causes visible changes on the moon’s surface.

Organic Sand Seas

Seas of sand dunes, like those in Earth’s Arabian desert, are observed in the dark equatorial regions of Titan. Scientists believe the sand is not made of silicates as on Earth, but of solid water ice coated with hydrocarbons that fall from the atmosphere. Images show Titan’s dunes are gigantic, reaching, on average, 0.6 to 1.2 miles (1 to 2 kilometers) wide, hundreds of miles (kilometers) long and around 300 feet (100 meters) high.

The location of the Huygens probe’s resting place, a soft, sandy riverbed, was only confirmed after some time by the detection of two dark, longitudinal sand dunes, about 20 miles (30 kilometers) north of the landing site. The elusive landforms were visible in images from both Cassini radar and the probe.

First Determination of Depth for an Extraterrestrial Sea

Ligeia Mare, Titan’s second-largest sea, was revealed to be about 560 feet (170 meters) deep. This represents the first time scientists have been able to determine the depth of a body of open liquid on the surface of another world. This was possible, in part, because the liquid turned out to be mostly clear methane, allowing the radar signal to pass through it easily.

River Channels and Ice Cobbles

Images taken during the Huygens probe’s descent revealed river channels and flood plains. The probe’s cameras unveiled a plateau with a large number of dark channels cut into it, forming drainage networks that bore many similarities to those on Earth. The narrow channels converged into broad rivers, which drained into a broad, dark, lowland region. Earth-like river rocks, composed of water ice, were also observed at the Huygens probe landing site. Radar evidence from Cassini suggests that flash flooding has sculpted streambeds on Titan with these rounded cobbles of water ice, which likely originated in water-ice bedrock in higher terrain.

The Collapse of the Detached Haze

The massive atmosphere of Titan is shrouded in thick layers of photochemical smog. One of the “detached” layers has fallen in altitude from over 310 miles to only 240 miles (about 500 kilometers to only 380 kilometers) between 2006 and 2010. The changing altitudes indicate that Titan’s smog layers are coupled to a seasonal climate cycle.

Rich Chemistry in the Atmosphere, including Propylene

The Huygens probe made the first direct measurements of Titan’s lower atmosphere. Data returned by the probe included altitude profiles of the gaseous constituents, isotopic ratios and trace gases (including organic compounds). Huygens also directly sampled aerosols in the atmosphere and confirmed that carbon and nitrogen are their major constituents. Cassini detected propylene, a chemical used to make household plastic, in Titan’s atmosphere. This is the first definitive detection of the plastic ingredients on any moon or planet, other than Earth. Other chemicals observed indicate a rich and complex chemistry originating from methane and nitrogen and evolving into complex molecules, eventually forming the smog that surrounds the icy moon.

Argon-40 Isotope in the Atmosphere

Huygens’ detection of Argon-40, an isotope or type of the element argon, in Titan’s atmosphere indicates that the interior of Titan is still active. This is unusual in a moon and one of the first clues of subsurface liquid water on Titan. The presence of the Huygens probe on Titan’s surface was essential in detecting this substance, as it is mostly concentrated toward the bottom of the atmosphere (due to its relatively heavier weight compared to the lighter molecules comprising the atmosphere).

Liquid Water Subsurface Ocean

Cassini’s numerous gravity measurements of Titan revealed that this moon is hiding an internal, liquid water/ammonia ocean underneath its surface. Huygens also detected radio signals during its descent that strongly suggested the presence of an ocean 35 to 50 miles (55 to 80 kilometers) below the moon’s surface. The discovery of a global ocean of liquid water adds Titan to the handful of worlds in our solar system that could potentially contain habitable environments.

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The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA, the European Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency. NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the mission for NASA’s Science Mission Directorate, Washington. JPL designed, developed and assembled the Cassini orbiter. NASA supplied two instruments on the Huygens probe, the Descent Imager/Spectral Radiometer and the Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer.

More information about Cassini is available at the following sites:

http://www.nasa.gov/cassini

http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov