Carnival of Space #371 – NextBigFuture

NextBigFuture.com hosts the latest Carnival of Space.

ESO: Possible explanation for why Milky Way-like galaxies are so common

A report from the European Southern Observatory (ESO):

Violent Origins of Disc Galaxies Probed by ALMA

New observations explain why Milky Way-like galaxies are
so common in the Universe

For decades scientists have believed that galaxy mergers usually result in the formation of elliptical galaxies. Now, for the the first time, researchers using ALMA and a host of other radio telescopes have found direct evidence that merging galaxies can instead form disc galaxies, and that this outcome is in fact quite common. This surprising result could explain why there are so many spiral galaxies like the Milky Way in the Universe.

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An international research group led by Junko Ueda, a Japan Society for the Promotion of Science postdoctoral fellow, has made surprising observations that most galaxy collisions in the nearby Universe — within 40–600 million light-years from Earth — result in so-called disc galaxies. Disc galaxies — including spiral galaxies like the Milky Way and lenticular galaxies — are defined by pancake-shaped regions of dust and gas, and are distinct from the category of elliptical galaxies.

It has, for some time, been widely accepted that merging disc galaxies would eventually form an elliptically shaped galaxy. During these violent interactions the galaxies do not only gain mass as they merge or cannibalise each-other, but they are also changing their shape throughout cosmic time, and therefore changing type along the way.

Computer simulations from the 1970s predicted that mergers between two comparable disc galaxies would result in an elliptical galaxy. The simulations predict that most galaxies today are elliptical, clashing with observations that over 70% of galaxies are in fact disc galaxies. However, more recent simulations have suggested that collisions could also form disc galaxies.

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Merger between two galaxies (artist’s impression)

To identify the final shapes of galaxies after mergers observationally, the group studied the distribution of gas in 37 galaxies that are in their final stages of merging. The Atacama Large Millimeter/sub-millimeter Array (ALMA) and several other radio telescopes [1] were used to observe emission from carbon monoxide (CO), an indicator of molecular gas.

The team’s research is the largest study of molecular gas in galaxies to date and provides unique insight into how the Milky Way might have formed. Their study revealed that almost all of the mergers show pancake-shaped areas of molecular gas, and hence are disc galaxies in the making. Ueda explains:

For the first time there is observational evidence for merging galaxies that could result in disc galaxies. This is a large and unexpected step towards understanding the mystery of the birth of disc galaxies.

Nonetheless, there is a lot more to discover. Ueda added:

We have to start focusing on the formation of stars in these gas discs. Furthermore, we need to look farther out in the more distant Universe. We know that the majority of galaxies in the more distant Universe also have discs. We however do not yet know whether galaxy mergers are also responsible for these, or whether they are formed by cold gas gradually falling into the galaxy. Maybe we have found a general mechanism that applies throughout the history of the Universe.”

The Space Show this week

Guests and topics on the The Space Show this week:

1. Monday, Sept. 15, 2014: 2-3:30 PM PDT (5-6:30 PM EDT, 4-5:30 PM CDT): We welcome back DR. ERIK SEEDHOUSE regarding his new book, Beyond Human: Engineering Our Future Evolution.

2. Tuesday, Sept. 16 , 2014:,7-8:30 PM PDT (10-11:30 PM EDT, 9-10:30 PM CDT): We welcome back DR. MIKE GRIFFIN, former NASA Administrator and current CEO of Schafer Corp.

3. Friday, Sept. 19, 2014, 9:30 -11 AM PDT (12;30-2 PM EDT; 11:30-1 PM CDT): We welcome STEWART MONEY to discuss is new best selling book, Here Be Dragons: The Rise of SpaceX and the Journey to Mars“.

4. Sunday, Sept. 21, 2014, 12-1:30 PM PDT (3-4:30 PM EDT, 2-3:30 PM CDT). We welcome back noted space and science writer MICHAEL BELFIORE. Check out his website at http://michaelbelfiore.com.

See also:
/– The Space Show on Vimeo – webinar videos
/– The Space Show’s Blog – summaries of interviews.
/– The Space Show Classroom Blog – tutorial programs

The Space Show is a project of the One Giant Leap Foundation.

Video: The killer app for space – TMRO

The latest show from TMRO is now on line: The killer app for Space – TMRO

Spaceship Earth Grants (SEG) opens crowdfunding spaceflight sontest

The Spaceship Earth Grant program opens today with a spaceflight contest:

Spaceship Earth Grants Launches Global Crowdfunding Spaceflight Contest
Early applicants can also compete to win a weightless/parabolic flight

Spaceship Earth Grants Launches Global Crowdfunding Spaceflight Contest Early applicants can also compete to win a weightless/parabolic flight SAN DIEGO, CA (September 15, 2014) – Childhood dreams are now within reach and a unique approach to changing the world is underway as Spaceship Earth Grants (SEG) launches a new program to send private citizens to space. With its mission of enabling as many people as possible to have the spaceflight experience, the SEG crew is proud to launch its first contest to crowdfund an open number of spaceflight awards.

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“Space is thrilling; however, this is not just about creating thrill rides for people. There are aspects of spaceflight that can generate shifts in perspective to positively and profoundly influence the way people behave and think about our world” said former NASA Astronaut Leland Melvin, President of Spaceship Earth Grants. “We want to facilitate that positive impact by awarding space travel to enthusiastic individuals who will be influential ambassadors by sharing their new insights with others in a compelling and inspiring way.”

The contest, presented by Star Harbor Space Training Academy, begins today and is very unique. SEG will initially award one space flight for each 50,000 applications, but will increase the number of awards given per 50,000 applications as the number of applicants grows. This unique approach of offering ever-increasing odds will encourage applicants to share the contest opportunity enthusiastically among their family members, friends and communities worldwide, knowing their own chances of being selected increase as the more people apply.

The SEG Council (judge’s panel) is made up of former NASA astronauts, industry experts, space enthusiasts, celebrity artists, musicians and other influential people representing a wide variety of interests who share our mission of tapping the world’s love of space exploration to benefit our planet, #SpaceshipEarth.

Contest Process:

  1. Create a Basic Profile: September 15 – December 31, 2014
    • Must be 18+
  2. Pay the Application Fee: Application fee is $15 – 90 USD
    • The fee is adjusted according to the relative wealth of the applicant’s home nation, providing opportunities for all of Earth’s citizens to participate.
  3. Complete Application: Must be complete by December 31, 11:59:59 EST, 2014
    • Full application to include a short written summary
    • 90 second video answering the question “How will you use this experience to better yourself, your community or our planet?”
    • Applications may be in English, Spanish, French, Japanese, Arabic, Russian or Mandarin
  4. Social Media Rally Period: January 5 – February 28, 2015
    • During this phase applicants are encouraged to leverage their social media networks to garner wider attention and support for why they should be chosen.
  5. List of Finalists Announced by SEG Council: March 20, 2015
    • The primary selection criteria will be the applicants’ demonstration of a clear ability to communicate and a desire to convert their spaceflight experience into a planetary benefit upon their return.
    • Additional selection criteria will also include the level of the applicant’s engagement in the campaign as well as the engagement of the globe with the applicant.
    • Consideration will be given to applicants on a regional basis in an effort to ensure winners represent the diverse geographic locations of the applicant pool.
  6. Grant Winners Announced by SEG Council: April 12, 2015
    1. On the 54th anniversary of the first human spaceflight, winners of the largest
      effort to propel humanity into space will be announced.

Award Packages include:

SPACEFLIGHT AWARDS

  • A trip aboard the winner’s choice of spaceflight providers currently available at time of award announcement
  • Spaceflight Training package from Star Harbor Space Training Academy
  • Travel expenses including coach airfare to/from home country, food/housing and ground transportation

PARABOLIC FLIGHT AWARDS for EARLY APPLICANTS

  • For the first 5,000 profiles created, 1 in every 100 will be selected for a total of 50 Parabolic Flight Awards (full application must be complete by 11:59:59 Dec 31, 2014 to qualify – same selection criteria applies)

A percentage of funds generated will be granted to outstanding organizations around the world that share our mission of creating a world that works for everyone. Initial grants will be made to partner organizations: Fragile Oasis, The Overview Institute, The Planetary Society and Project Nominate. SEG looks forward to launching its organization and project grant program next year after individual winners of the contest are selected.

For more information and full contest terms and conditions, visit spaceshipearthgrant.com.

About Spaceship Earth Grants: Spaceship Earth Grants Corp. (SEG), a Public Benefit Corporation, is committed to making the space experience accessible to as many people as possible. SEG offers applicants a chance to travel to space while helping to fund efforts and organizations that are making a significant positive impact on planet Earth. SEG will be providing grants to individuals and organizations that are likewise committed to bettering their communities. For more information, visit spaceshipearthgrants.com.

About Star Harbor Space Training Academy: Star Harbor Space Training Academy will be the first-in-the-world publicly accessible, fully comprehensive and environmentally immersive space training academy. The Star Harbor team is led by CEO Maraia Hoffman and includes former NASA Astronauts Leland Melvin and Ron Garan. More information about Star Harbor will be announced in October.