There are certainly many periods, events and issues
for the space history buff to explore. The history of
modern rocketry and space exploration intertwines closely
with the most dramatic political and technological developments
of the 20th century.
Below are given a few suggestions of topics to investigate
on the rich and fascinating space timeline:
- Early space travel speculations
arose as far back as the middle ages. By the late
1800's and early 1900's, space travel in science fiction
from such authors as H.G. Wells became very popular.
Science fiction continues, in fact, to help sustain
public support for space exploration.
- Father of the Space Age:
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky in Russia, Herman Oberth in
Germany or Robert Goddard in the USA. Each are often
referred to as the "father" of the space
age. Debates continue on who best deserves that title.
It is clear, however, that all three made major contributions
to the development of space exploration both in their
scientific accomplishments and in their influence
and inspiration to other pioneers.
- Development
of Rocketry in the early 20th century was
primarily done by amateur groups such as the Society
for Space Travel (VfR) in Germany (the VfR was later
absorbed by the Nazi military) and the American Rocket
Society. (Even Goddard, a physics professor, had to
rely on funding from nonprofit organizations such
as the Smithsonian Institution.) Most scientists at
the time ridiculed rocketry and talk of space travel
as fantasies. Today many scientists take the struggle
to develop rocketry for granted and now ridicule human
space exploration.
- The V2 rocket
turned out to be Hitler's greatest wonder weapon but
had little effect on the course of the war. Most of
the V2's were built with slave labor in hellish underground
factories. Von Braun and many of his Peenemünde colleagues
were captured by the Allies and became core members
of development teams for US ICBMs and later the Saturn
V moon rocket. Other members of his group were captured
by the Soviets and worked on their programs. The relationship
of the US space program with those who, at the very
least, acquiesced with the Nazis remains a very controversial
subject.
- Sputnik provided
a spectacular victory for the Soviet Union in the
Cold War. The US responded with an explosion of enthusiasm
and financial support for all areas of science and
engineering that not only resulted in landing men
on the moon but in a scientific and technological
tidal wave that continues rolling forward to this
day. New
York Times Sputnik Special Report
-
Spysats,
launched almost immediately after the first scientific
satellites achieved orbit, quickly became essential
tools of the cold war. They are credited by many
for preventing it from becoming a hot war. They
also saved tens, if not hundreds, of billions
of dollars by stopping missile programs to defend
against threats they showed didn't exist. John Kennedy,
for example, in his race for President accused the
Eisenhower administration of allowing the Soviets
to race ahead of the US in missile production, creating
the famous Missile Gap. Eisenhower, though,
knew this not to be true because of the new satellite
photos but said nothing to avoid alerting the Soviets
to the spysat capabilities. Once Kennedy became
president, he also realized the absence of a gap
and thus did not authorize a big missile program.
-
Communication
satellites became a pillar of the telecommunications
revolution and a major force in the globalization
of our economies. However, comsats are buried down
in our industrial infrastructure and the public
is generally unaware of how pervasive comsats are.
For example, satellite distribution of programming
has fueled the big expansion of cable TV
in the US since the 1970's. Large companies like
the US Walmart chain rely on thousands of VSATs
(Very Small Aperture Terminals) at every store to
send by satellite the credit card checks, as well
as other sales data, from the cashier to central
processing centers.
- The Space Shuttles
are technological
wonders but big disappointments economically, hardly
the DC-3's of the space age as promised. The history
of the shuttle program provides deep insights into
what is both right and wrong with the state of space
exploration today.
- Rocket & Spacecraft
Development is one of the most popular
historical areas. The development of such rockets
as the Atlas booster and the Ariane are rich with
both social, political and technological issues.
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