Space History - Part 1 Looking back in space and
time...
Robert Goddard and the first liquid fueled rocket.
Credits: MSFC pictorial rocket history
History may not immediately spring to mind as a hobby
but in fact it is a very popular one. History buffs
typically have a particular period of interest, such
as the American Civil War or Wild West period, and obsessively
learn everything about it.
Space history buffs are no exception. They spend innumerable
hours reading about space history events such as the
Space Race, and pride themselves
on knowing not only the important facts but also the
trivia that
makes the period come alive. They try to visit as many
of the relevant historical
sites as possible. Collecting memoribilia
of the time is often a symptom as well.
Space historian Dwayne Day notes that amateurs have
long made significant contributions to the study of
Soviet and Russian space history:
The field of Soviet—now Russian—space history has
always been relatively small. It has also been dominated
by amateurs, meaning people who do not get paid as
historians or have graduate-level academic training
in history or related fields. Part of the constraint
on the study of Soviet space history was due to extreme
Soviet secrecy. When virtually every satellite that
the Soviet Union launched flew under the deliberately
bland designation of “Cosmos,” it was hard to apply
standard research tools and training to studying Soviet
activities. As a result, for years the study of Soviet
space activities was akin to detective work using
very limited clues, and the people who dominated the
study were usually amateur sleuths. Of course, during
the Cold War, Western intelligence agencies also studied
Soviet capabilities. They had greater resources, but
often resorted to many of the same techniques as the
amateurs. - Cosmos
unmasked: studying Soviet and Russian space history
in the 21st century - The Space Review - June.26.06
There are certainly many periods and topics for the
space history buff to explore. The history of modern
rocketry and space exploration intertwines closely with
many of the most dramatic political and technological
developments of the 20th century.
See the other topics page
for suggestions on space history subjects to explore.
Space exploration has had great impact on many individuals,
especially during the space race beginning in the late
1950's. We include here a list of Personal
Space Histories for those who have a web page dedicated
to their own space experiences.
MSFC
History
NASA Marshall Spaceflight
Center in Huntsville, Alabama has played a major role
in the history of spaceflight. Led during the 1960's by
Werner Von Braun, MSFC was responsible for the development
of the Saturn rockets. This site is a rich source of not
only the history of MSFC but of NASA and spaceflight history
in general.
Lunar
& Planetary Exploration Timeline
NASA's NSSDC
(National Space Science Data Center) provides this "list
of a known (successful and unsuccessful) lunar and planetary
missions including a few historical missions which were
instrumental in the development and evolution of space
exploration."
See also the individual lunar
timeline and Mars
timeline.
Encyclopedia
Astronautica
Mark Wade created this enormous site that spans space
history and current events. Exhaustive entries cover
just about every rocket and spacecraft ever built.
Lots of info on US, European, Russian, and Chinese
space efforts.
Grand
Tour! Planetary Exploration
Paolo Ulivi built this site that gives a broad history
of the unmanned lunar and planetary programs. Covers
programs in US, Soviet, European, and other.
Saturn-V
to the Planets - table of payloads if the Saturn
had been used for launches to deep space
SpaceAgencies.com
This well designed site covers the development of space
technology from from early rocketry to the shuttle program.
Includes not only the US and Russia but discusses space
efforts of many other countries as well.
Soviet
& Russian Space History
N1 Project
Here are sites dedicated to the massive N1 rocket that
would have propelled cosmonauts to the moon if it had
been successful.
N1 project
- the Association of Experimental Rocketry of the
Pacific built a detailed 22 ft model rocket of the
Soviet N1 moon rocket, including 42 first stage motors.
The successful 3
stage launch on July 21, 2001 reached 1650 ft.
Site includes lots of historica info on the N1.
CNN
Cold War - Sputnik - This episode of CNN's
mammoth series about the cold war is dedicated to
Sputnik and the impact it had on the cold war. Sections
include a special multi-media rich timeline page on
the space race and a Time
magazine article of the time. Also, see the page
on Cold
War technology.
'Zarya'
- Soviet and Russian Space Information
Soviet and Russian space history is here presented by
Robert Christy. 'Zarya' means 'dawn' in Russian and was
used as Yuri Gagarin's call sign and is the name of the
first element of the International Space Station. Several
mission diaries include Voskhod
1, Salyut-1,
and others.
Da - Created
by Giovanni Abrate (USA) and Mario
Abrate (Italy), this site presents the case that
several cosmonauts were killed during early space mission
accidents that were never publicly admitted by the Soviet
Union. Nyet
- James Oberg presents an opposing case that these deaths
were myths that grew out of unsubstantiated cold war
rumors. Nyet
- Sven Grahn, of Swedish Space Corp, provides further
analysis that casts more doubt on these stories.
Arianespace
Milestones
The Ariane program evolved into the commercial company
Arianespace
in 1980. This page gives highpoints in the history of
the company.
Started
in the 1950's with small sounding rockets, the Japanese
space program has developed into one of the largest
and most ambitious in the world. They set long term
goals and methodically moved towards them in incremental
steps.
Today Japan has
developed a world class launch vehicle, the HA-II. A
vigorous space science program has launched scientific
payloads to the moon and Mars. A reusable vehicle, HOPE,
is under development and there is a strong hypersonics
research program.
There are some eccentricities
in the Japanese space program that grew out of post-war
society and politics. Rocket launches, for example,
are restricted to short periods of the year due to objections
from a small, but politically powerful, fishing lobby
that claims that the noise bothers the fish and that
falling boosters might hit their boats.
Furthermore, Japan
actually has two independent space agencies: NASDA,
which is responsible for practical space application
developments like weather satellites, and ISAS,
which concentrates solely on scientific research. Each
group has developed its own set of rockets.
".. is a record of the lunar surface operations
conducted by the six pairs of astronauts who landed
on the Moon from 1969 through 1972. The Journal is
intended as a resource for anyone wanting to know
what happened during the missions and why. It includes
a corrected transcript of all recorded conversations
between the lunar surface crews and Houston. The Journal
also contains extensive, interwoven commentary by
the Editor and by ten of the twelve moonwalking astronauts."
editor Eric
M. Jones
Apollo
15 Flight Journal
There is now also a companion Flight Journal in development.
The first installment is the transcript of the flight
of Apollo 15..
Now available on CDs
Anniversaries
NASA's site that commemorates the 30th anniversary
of the first moon landing.
Electronic Evidence and Physiological
Reasoning Identifying the Elusive Vowel "a"
in Neil Armstrong's Statement on First Stepping
onto the Lunar Surface by Peter Shann
Ford
Apollo 13
Though objectively a failed mission, Apollo 13 has become
a shining example of NASA at its best. Saving the lives
of astronauts took tremendous technical skills, great
teamwork, and innovation under terrific pressure.
Here are various sites and articles about the ill-fated
mission.
Apollo 8
Arguably the most important and most risky of all the
Apollo missions. Going directly to the Moon with an
"all up" test of the Saturn V was a stunning
achievement. The mission's success set the Apollo program
on course for the Apollo 11 landing the following summer.
"Host Bob Edwards talks to Andrew Chaikin
about the flight of the Apollo 8 Astronauts and
the famous picture of the earth and moon taken
from space thirty today years ago. (6:47)"
"Romance to Reality contains more than 180 annotations
(that is, summaries and descriptions) of classic,
seminal, and illustrative moon & Mars expedition &
settlement studies. These are arranged in chronological
order by date of presentation for conference papers
and presentation materials, and by date of publication
for all others..." - D.S.F. Portree
"over a thousand high-quality Apollo photograph
scans, video and audio clips, launch vehicle and crew
info/photos, memorabilia, diagrams, a JavaScript lunar-landing
simulator, books and videos, and links to numerous
Apollo and space-related websites."
See also the companion site Contact
Light, which gives personal retrospective on Kipp's
growing up in the Moon race days.
The Space
Race - Mark Wade
Huge resource site on all aspects of the race to the
moon including extensive info on the Soviet program.
New
York Times: Eclipsed
A NYT Magazine article about the Soviet Union's ill-fated
attempt to beat the US to the moon.
Marcus
Lindroos Space
Marcus Lindroos has compiled and edited lots of materials
related to US, Russia/Soviet and European space activities..
BBC
| A silent death
Documents have been revealed that show the plans of
the Nixon administration "In Event of Moon Disaster"
during the Apollo 11 mission. See also
Lunar
Module, SpaceCraft Assembly & Test- This site
(also called LM S/CAT Remembered) from Frank A Pullo
is dedicated to the Lunar Module and its construction
and testing by Grumman group in Bethpage, N.Y.
A
Giant Step for LI - Long
Island: Our Story is an historical site devoted
to the history of Long Island. It provides a lot of
information about the LM since Grumman was founded
on LI and was a significant employer for many decades.
Other LM pages include:
