{"id":22810,"date":"2020-10-19T15:29:00","date_gmt":"2020-10-19T19:29:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?p=22810"},"modified":"2020-10-19T15:10:24","modified_gmt":"2020-10-19T19:10:24","slug":"space-sciences-roundup-oct-19-2020","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?p=22810","title":{"rendered":"Space sciences roundup &#8211; Oct.19.2020"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>A sampling of recent articles, videos, and images from space-related science news items (find <a href=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?cat=107\">previous roundups here<\/a>):<\/p>\n<p>** <strong><u>Asteroids and Comets<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>** <strong>OSIRIS-REx set to touch down briefly on Bennu<\/strong> &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/spectrum.ieee.org\/tech-talk\/aerospace\/robotic-exploration\/the-long-arm-of-nasa-the-osirisrex-spacecraft-gets-ready-to-grab-an-asteroid-sample\">The Long Arm of NASA: The OSIRIS-REx Spacecraft Gets Ready To Grab An Asteroid Sample &#8211; IEEE Spectrum<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>Sixteen years after NASA\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.asteroidmission.org\/\">OSIRIS-REx mission<\/a> was first proposed and two years after the robotic spacecraft went into orbit around asteroid <a href=\"https:\/\/solarsystem.nasa.gov\/asteroids-comets-and-meteors\/asteroids\/101955-bennu\/in-depth\/\">101955 Bennu<\/a>, mission team members are now counting down to the moment when it will descend to the surface, grab a sample\u2014and then get out of there before anything can go wrong.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>The sampling is set for next Tuesday, Oct. 20. If it works, it will be a first for the United States. (A Japanese probe is currently returning to Earth <a href=\"https:\/\/spectrum.ieee.org\/tech-talk\/aerospace\/space-flight\/space-explorer-hayabusa2-prepares-to-land-on-a-diamondshaped-asteroid-900-meters-wide\">with samples from asteroid 162173 Ryugu<\/a>.)<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>Though the mission plan has so far been executed almost flawlessly, an outsider might be forgiven for thinking there\u2019s something a bit\u2026well, counterintuitive about it. The spacecraft has no landing legs, because it will never actually land. Instead, the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft vaguely resembles an insect with a long snout\u2014a honeybee, perhaps, hovering over a flower to pollinate it. The \u201csnout\u201d is actually an articulated arm with a 30.5 cm round collection chamber at the end. It\u2019s called TAGSAM \u2013 short for Touch-And-Go Sample Acquisition Mechanism. You\u2019ve doubtless heard the old expression, \u201cI wouldn\u2019t touch that with a 10-foot pole.\u201d The TAGSAM arm is an 11-foot pole.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>** <strong>Watch the event on NASA TV<\/strong>: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/press-release\/update-nasa-to-broadcast-osiris-rex-asteroid-sample-collection-activities\">Update: NASA to Broadcast OSIRIS-REx Activities | NASA<\/a><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"style-scope yt-formatted-string\" dir=\"auto\">** <strong>A discussion of the OSIRIS-REx mission<\/strong>: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/ezscience\">NASA EZScience<\/a><br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em><span class=\"style-scope yt-formatted-string\" dir=\"auto\">The OSIRIS-REx spacecraft is scheduled to touch down on the asteroid Bennu on October 20, 2020, for its first sample collection attempt. To kick off the second season of <\/span><a class=\"yt-simple-endpoint style-scope yt-formatted-string\" dir=\"auto\" spellcheck=\"false\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/results?search_query=%23EZScience\">#EZScience<\/a><\/em><span class=\"style-scope yt-formatted-string\" dir=\"auto\"><em>, NASA associate administrator for science Dr. Thomas Zurbuchen and National Air and Space Museum director Dr. Ellen Stofan discuss this exciting and innovative mission to return samples from an asteroid to Earth and the scientific opportunities it opens up.<\/em> <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"1600\" height=\"900\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/N_737VvWq-Q?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=en&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span><\/p>\n<p>** <strong>An interview with an OSIRIS REx mission scientist<\/strong>: <a href=\"https:\/\/thespaceshow.com\/show\/30-sep-2020\/broadcast-3579-hotel-mars-dr.-harold-connolly\">Hotel Mars &#8211; John Batchelor Show\/The Space Show<\/a> &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/thespaceshow.com\/guest\/dr.-harold-c.-connolly-jr.\">Dr. Harold C. Connolly<\/a> talked about<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>&#8230;the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.asteroidmission.org\/\">OSIRIS REx mission<\/a> to asteroid Bennu and the sample return from Bennu. We discussed landing at the Nightingale landing site on Bennu and why, the actual quantity of material being collected for sample return, material changes on the way back to Earth, instrumentation operational status, asteroid ejecta, Bennu collisions with asteroid material, Vesta rocks on Bennu, the expectation of finding organic prebiotic compounds in the sample and more. <\/em><\/p>\n<audio class=\"wp-audio-shortcode\" id=\"audio-22810-1\" preload=\"none\" style=\"width: 100%;\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"audio\/mpeg\" src=\"https:\/\/thespaceshow.com\/sites\/default\/files\/shows\/3579-BWB-2020-09-30.mp3?_=1\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/thespaceshow.com\/sites\/default\/files\/shows\/3579-BWB-2020-09-30.mp3\">https:\/\/thespaceshow.com\/sites\/default\/files\/shows\/3579-BWB-2020-09-30.mp3<\/a><\/audio>\n<p>** <strong>A simulation of the sampling maneuver<\/strong> using the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/p\/spacemissions\/9n17nxkljgrr?activetab=pivot:overviewtab\">SpaceMissions<sup>tm<\/sup><\/a> app from <a href=\"http:\/\/www.binary-space.com\/\">BINARY SPACE<\/a> (see <a href=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?p=16953\">posting here<\/a>):<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em><span class=\"style-scope yt-formatted-string\" dir=\"auto\">This video shows a simulation of the NASA probe OSIRIS-REx&#8217;s sample collection on Asteroid Bennu planned for October 20, 2020:<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><a class=\"yt-simple-endpoint style-scope yt-formatted-string\" dir=\"auto\" spellcheck=\"false\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=QB3ZtWlhphM&amp;t=0s\"><em>00:00<\/em><\/a><em><span class=\"style-scope yt-formatted-string\" dir=\"auto\"> Approach Burn<br \/>\n<\/span><a class=\"yt-simple-endpoint style-scope yt-formatted-string\" dir=\"auto\" spellcheck=\"false\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=QB3ZtWlhphM&amp;t=9s\">00:09<\/a><span class=\"style-scope yt-formatted-string\" dir=\"auto\"> Solar Panels folding back <\/span><\/em><br \/>\n<em><a class=\"yt-simple-endpoint style-scope yt-formatted-string\" dir=\"auto\" spellcheck=\"false\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=QB3ZtWlhphM&amp;t=23s\">00:23<\/a><span class=\"style-scope yt-formatted-string\" dir=\"auto\"> Samples Collection Arm Deployment <\/span><\/em><br \/>\n<em><a class=\"yt-simple-endpoint style-scope yt-formatted-string\" dir=\"auto\" spellcheck=\"false\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=QB3ZtWlhphM&amp;t=66s\">01:06<\/a><span class=\"style-scope yt-formatted-string\" dir=\"auto\"> Samples Collection <\/span><\/em><br \/>\n<em><a class=\"yt-simple-endpoint style-scope yt-formatted-string\" dir=\"auto\" spellcheck=\"false\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=QB3ZtWlhphM&amp;t=141s\">02:21<\/a><span class=\"style-scope yt-formatted-string\" dir=\"auto\"> Samples Weighting <\/span><\/em><br \/>\n<em><a class=\"yt-simple-endpoint style-scope yt-formatted-string\" dir=\"auto\" spellcheck=\"false\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=QB3ZtWlhphM&amp;t=222s\">03:42<\/a><span class=\"style-scope yt-formatted-string\" dir=\"auto\"> Storing Samples in Return Container<br \/>\n<\/span><a class=\"yt-simple-endpoint style-scope yt-formatted-string\" dir=\"auto\" spellcheck=\"false\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=QB3ZtWlhphM&amp;t=364s\">06:04<\/a><span class=\"style-scope yt-formatted-string\" dir=\"auto\"> Solar Panels unfolding <\/span><\/em><br \/>\n<em><a class=\"yt-simple-endpoint style-scope yt-formatted-string\" dir=\"auto\" spellcheck=\"false\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=QB3ZtWlhphM&amp;t=375s\">06:15<\/a><span class=\"style-scope yt-formatted-string\" dir=\"auto\"> Approach Trajectory<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>The above mentioned application is a 3D solar system and space missions simulator available in the Microsoft\u00ae Store: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/p\/spacemissions\/9n17nxkljgrr\">https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/store\/apps\/<\/a><span class=\"style-scope yt-formatted-string\" dir=\"auto\">&#8230;<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"1600\" height=\"900\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/QB3ZtWlhphM?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=en&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span><\/p>\n<p>More about OSIRIS-REx and Bennu:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.planetary.org\/articles\/your-guide-to-the-osiris-rex-sample-collection\">Your Guide to the OSIRIS-REx sample collection | The Planetary Society<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.technologyreview.com\/2020\/10\/08\/1009948\/asteroid-bennu-ancient-water-flows-nasa-osiris-rex\/\">Asteroid Bennu may have been home to ancient water flows | MIT Technology Review<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/feature\/goddard\/2020\/bennu-top-ten\">Ten Things to Know About Bennu &#8211; NASA<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>**<strong> Amateur astronomer spots a big NEO<\/strong>: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.planetary.org\/articles\/planetary-society-grant-winner-discovers-large-asteroid\">Planetary Society Grant Winner Discovers Large Near-Earth Asteroid &#8211; The Planetary Society<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>An amateur astronomer has discovered a kilometer-wide asteroid that would create global devastation if it were to hit the Earth. Thankfully that won\u2019t happen: the asteroid will miss our planet by 40 million kilometers as it passes on 10 September 2020, more than 100 times the distance between Earth and the Moon. But the fact that this relatively large near-Earth object, or NEO, wasn\u2019t detected until now serves as a reminder that there\u2019s much work to be done when it comes to defending our planet from dangerous asteroids.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>Amateur astronomer Leonardo Amaral discovered the asteroid at the Campo dos Amarais observatory in Brazil. The Planetary Society in 2019 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.planetary.org\/articles\/shoemaker-grant-2020-updates\">awarded Amaral an $8,500 grant<\/a> to purchase a more stable telescope mount for better tracking and longer camera exposures. The Society\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.planetary.org\/sci-tech\/neo-grants\">Shoemaker NEO Grant program<\/a> funds advanced amateur astronomers around the world who find, track, and characterize potentially dangerous space rocks. Much of this work follows up on asteroids discovered by large-scale sky surveys, providing observations crucial to orbit determination or asteroid characterization.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>** <strong>A sizable and previously unknown asteroid recently passed by close by the Earth<\/strong>: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/feature\/jpl\/school-bus-size-asteroid-to-safely-zoom-past-earth\" target=\"_d\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">School Bus-Size Asteroid to Safely Zoom Past Earth | NASA<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>Roughly 15 to 30 feet wide, the object will make its closest approach on Sept. 24.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>A small near-Earth asteroid (or NEA) will briefly visit Earth&#8217;s neighborhood on Thursday, Sept. 24, zooming past at a distance of about 13,000 miles (22,000 kilometers) above our planet&#8217;s surface. The asteroid will make its close approach below the ring of geostationary satellites orbiting about 22,000 miles (36,000 kilometers) away from Earth.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>Based on its brightness, scientists estimate that 2020 SW is roughly 15 to 30 feet (5 to 10 meters) wide \u2013 or about the size of a small school bus. Although it&#8217;s not on an impact trajectory with Earth, if it were, the space rock would almost certainly break up high in the atmosphere, becoming a bright meteor <a href=\"https:\/\/cneos.jpl.nasa.gov\/fireballs\/\">known as a fireball<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong><u>Venus<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>** <strong>Discovery of phosphine in the clouds of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Venus\">Venus<\/a><\/strong> ignites speculation that it is produced by microbial life. However, there are inorganic processes that could produce it as well. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.eso.org\/public\/news\/eso2015\/?lang\">Possible Marker of Life Spotted on Venus | ESO<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>An international team of astronomers today announced the discovery of a rare molecule \u2014 phosphine \u2014 in the clouds of Venus. On Earth, this gas is only made industrially or by microbes that thrive in oxygen-free environments. Astronomers have speculated for decades that high clouds on Venus could offer a home for microbes \u2014 floating free of the scorching surface but needing to tolerate very high acidity. The detection of phosphine could point to such extra-terrestrial \u201caerial\u201d life.<\/em><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>\u201cWhen we got the first hints of phosphine in Venus\u2019s spectrum, it was a shock!\u201d, says team leader Jane Greaves of Cardiff University in the UK, who first spotted signs of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phosphine\">phosphine<\/a> in observations from the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.eaobservatory.org\/jcmt\/\">JCMT<\/a>), operated by the East Asian Observatory, in Hawai\u02bbi. Confirming their discovery required using 45 antennas of the Atacama Large Millimeter\/submillimeter Array (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.eso.org\/public\/teles-instr\/alma\/\">ALMA<\/a>) in Chile, a more sensitive telescope in which the European Southern Observatory (ESO) is a partner. Both facilities observed Venus at a wavelength of about 1 millimetre, much longer than the human eye can see \u2014 only telescopes at high altitude can detect it effectively.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>The international team, which includes researchers from the UK, US and Japan, estimates that phosphine exists in Venus\u2019s clouds at a small concentration, only about twenty molecules in every billion. Following their observations, they ran calculations to see whether these amounts could come from natural non-biological processes on the planet. Some ideas included sunlight, minerals blown upwards from the surface, volcanoes, or lightning, but none of these could make anywhere near enough of it. These non-biological sources were found to make at most one ten thousandth of the amount of phosphine that the telescopes saw.<\/em><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>To create the observed quantity of phosphine (which consists of hydrogen and phosphorus) on Venus, terrestrial organisms would only need to work at about 10% of their maximum productivity, according to the team. Earth bacteria are known to make phosphine: they take up phosphate from minerals or biological material, add hydrogen, and ultimately expel phosphine. Any organisms on Venus will probably be very different to their Earth cousins, but they too could be the source of phosphine in the atmosphere.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"1600\" height=\"900\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/g_GO_2Avk04?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=en&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">More about the discovery:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.planetary.org\/articles\/venus-phosphine-biosignature\">Did Scientists Just Find Life on Venus?\u2026 | The Planetary Society<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.planetary.org\/the-downlink\/could-there-be-life-on-venus\">Could there be life on Venus? | The Planetary Society<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/spaceflightnow.com\/2020\/09\/14\/hints-of-life-raises-interest-in-venus-missions-and-a-privately-funded-probe-could-lead-the-way\/\">Hints of life renew interest in Venus, and a private mission could lead the way \u2013 Spaceflight Now<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.universetoday.com\/147891\/how-much-life-would-be-required-to-create-the-phosphine-signal-on-venus\/\">How Much Life Would Be Required to Create the Phosphine Signal on Venus? &#8211; Universe Today<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thespacereview.com\/article\/4030\/1\">Why the detection of phosphine in the clouds of Venus is a big deal &#8211; The Space Review<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>This finding greatly increases scientific and public interest in Venus, which has been visited by spacecraft far less often than Mars. The <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Venus#Physical_characteristics\">Venusian surface<\/a> is a hell-scape with an atmospheric pressure over 90 times that of earth and temperatures close to 500 degrees Celsius. So the bare surface and thin atmosphere of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mars\">Mars<\/a> make it seem benign in comparison. However, there is the possibility of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Venus#Habitability\">human habitats floating<\/a> atop the thick Venusian atmosphere, though there would the challenge of dealing with the sulfuric acid present at such altitudes. Venus is similar to Earth in terms of gravity and so for human visitors it has at least this one advantage over the Red Planet, where gravity is about a third that of Earth&#8217;s.<\/p>\n<p>** <strong>Interview with a member of the team that found evidence of phosphine<\/strong> in the Venusian clouds:<\/p>\n<div id=\"meta\" class=\"style-scope ytd-watch-flexy\">\n<div id=\"meta-contents\" class=\"style-scope ytd-watch-flexy\">\n<div id=\"container\" class=\"style-scope ytd-video-secondary-info-renderer\">\n<div id=\"content\">\n<div id=\"description\" style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>Could life exist elsewhere in the Solar System? Astronomers have announced the presence of phosphine in the clouds of Venus, which could be evidence of microbial life around the hellish planet. Dr Emily Drabek-Maunder, one of the astronomers behind the discovery, reveals how they did it, and why we need a new mission to explore Venus.<\/em><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"merch-shelf\" class=\"style-scope ytd-watch-flexy\"><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"1600\" height=\"900\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/xx4KNWQHnUY?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=en&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span><\/p>\n<p>** <a href=\"https:\/\/sci.esa.int\/web\/bepicolombo\"><strong>BepiColombo<\/strong><\/a><strong> spacecraft flies by Venus<\/strong> to adjust its orbit closer to Mercury, the target of its mission: <a href=\"https:\/\/sci.esa.int\/web\/bepicolombo\/-\/bepicolombo-flies-by-venus-en-route-to-mercury\">BepiColombo flies by Venus en route to Mercury &#8211; ESA<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>The ESA-JAXA BepiColombo mission has completed the first of two Venus flybys needed to set it on course with the Solar System&#8217;s innermost planet, Mercury.<\/em><\/p>\n<section>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>The closest approach of the flyby took place at 03:58 GMT (05:58 CEST) this morning at a distance of about 10 720 km from the planet&#8217;s surface.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>The Venus flyby offered an opportunity to test the science instruments on the spacecraft and to investigate the cloudy planet:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>Seven of the eleven science instruments onboard the European Mercury Planetary Orbiter, plus its radiation monitor, and three of five onboard the Japanese Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter were active during the flyby. While the suite of sensors are designed to study the rocky, atmosphere-free environment at Mercury, the flyby offered a unique opportunity to collect valuable science data at Venus.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<figure id=\"attachment_22968\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-22968\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sci.esa.int\/web\/bepicolombo\/-\/bepicolombo-images-venus-during-close-approach\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"22968\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?attachment_id=22968\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/BepiColombo_images_Venus_during_close_approach_6251.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"625,625\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"BepiColombo images of Venus during close approach\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;BepiColombo returns images of Venus during close approach. Credits: ESA &lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/BepiColombo_images_Venus_during_close_approach_6251-500x500.jpg\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/BepiColombo_images_Venus_during_close_approach_6251.jpg\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-22968\" src=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/BepiColombo_images_Venus_during_close_approach_6251-500x500.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/BepiColombo_images_Venus_during_close_approach_6251-500x500.jpg 500w, https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/BepiColombo_images_Venus_during_close_approach_6251-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/BepiColombo_images_Venus_during_close_approach_6251.jpg 625w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-22968\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">BepiColombo returns images of Venus during close approach. <a href=\"https:\/\/sci.esa.int\/web\/bepicolombo\/-\/bepicolombo-images-venus-during-close-approach\">Credits: ESA<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>** <strong>The <a href=\"http:\/\/parkersolarprobe.jhuapl.edu\/\">Parker Solar Probe<\/a> flew by Venus<\/strong>, taking advantage of the planet&#8217;s gravity to adjust its orbit as well: <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.nasa.gov\/parkersolarprobe\/2020\/09\/25\/parker-solar-probe-speeds-toward-record-setting-close-approach-to-the-sun\/\">Parker Solar Probe Speeds toward Record-Setting Close Approach to the Sun \u2013 Parker Solar Probe &#8211; Sept.25.2020<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>This weekend\u2019s perihelion was set up by the probe\u2019s third Venus flyby. On July 11, the spacecraft came within 518 miles above Venus\u2019 surface \u2014 much lower than the previous two flybys but still well above Venus\u2019 atmosphere \u2014 putting it on a path that brings it 3.25 million miles closer to the Sun than the last perihelion, on June 7. Mission Design and Navigation Manager Yanping Guo of APL noted that the gravity assist provided the mission\u2019s largest orbital speed reduction since launch, trimming the spacecraft\u2019s velocity by 8,438 miles per hour (13,579 kilometers per hour).<\/em><\/p>\n<p>More at:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/parkersolarprobe.jhuapl.edu\/News-Center\/Show-Article.php?articleID=153\">Parker Solar Probe Mission Releases Science Data from Fourth Orbit &#8211; Parker Solar Probe<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.nasa.gov\/parkersolarprobe\/2020\/07\/10\/parker-solar-probe-prepares-for-third-venus-flyby\/\">Parker Solar Probe Prepares for Third Venus Flyby \u2013 Parker Solar Probe<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.europlanet-society.org\/epsc2020-parker-solar-probe-akatsuki-and-earth-bound-observers-give-rare-top-to-surface-glimpse-of-venus\/\">EPSC2020: Parker Solar Probe, Akatsuki and Earth-bound observers give rare top-to surface glimpse of Venus \u2013 Europlanet Society<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><u>Mars<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p>** <strong>China&#8217;s <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tianwen-1\">Tianwen-1<\/a> spacecraft appears to be in good condition<\/strong> as it heads for Mars. In an unusual exercise, a small camera was recently ejected so that it could\u00a0 take\u00a0 images of the spacecraft. Several of these were transmitted back to Earth and released by the Chinese space agency: <a href=\"https:\/\/news.cgtn.com\/news\/2020-10-01\/Tianwen-1-s-first-selfie-in-space-to-celebrate-China-s-National-Day-Ue7kjvYMGA\/index.html\">Tianwen-1&#8217;s first &#8216;selfie&#8217; in space to celebrate China&#8217;s National Day &#8211; CGTN<\/a><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_22969\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-22969\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/news.cgtn.com\/news\/2020-10-01\/Tianwen-1-s-first-selfie-in-space-to-celebrate-China-s-National-Day-Ue7kjvYMGA\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"22969\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?attachment_id=22969\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Tianwen-1_selfie_1.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1200,675\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Tianwen-1 Selfie\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Image of the Tianwen-1 as seen by camera released from the spacecraft. Credits: Chinese space agency&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Tianwen-1_selfie_1-500x281.jpg\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Tianwen-1_selfie_1-1024x576.jpg\" class=\"wp-image-22969 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Tianwen-1_selfie_1-500x281.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" srcset=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Tianwen-1_selfie_1-500x281.jpg 500w, https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Tianwen-1_selfie_1-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Tianwen-1_selfie_1-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Tianwen-1_selfie_1.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-22969\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image of the Tianwen-1 as seen by camera released from the spacecraft. Credits: CNSA Chinese National Space Administration<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div class=\"text en\">\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>The images during flight were taken by a measurement sensor installed on the outer wall of the probe.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>It can be separated from the probe under the ground control and takes one image per second with its two wide-angle lenses. The photos can be transmitted to the probe via WiFi communication and then transmitted back to the ground by the probe.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>The probe was successfully launched on July 23 onboard a Long March 5 carrier rocket. It has successfully completed multiple tasks including capturing photos of the Earth and the Moon, completing two mid-course orbital corrections, and conducting self-check of the payloads.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>As of the start of Thursday, the probe, in sound flight condition, has traveled about 188 million kilometers and is about 24.1 million kilometers away from the Earth.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>More about the deep-space photo-shoot:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/spaceflightnow.com\/2020\/10\/06\/chinas-mars-bound-probe-returns-self-portrait-from-deep-space\/\">China\u2019s Mars-bound probe returns self-portrait from deep space \u2013 Spaceflight Now<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.space.com\/china-tianwen-1-mars-spacecraft-selfie-deep-space\">China&#8217;s Tianwen-1 Mars probe snaps epic deep-space selfie (photos) | Space<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globaltimes.cn\/content\/1201516.shtml\">China&#8217;s first Mars probe Tianwen-1 completes mid-course correction &#8211; Global Times<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>And for other details about the Tianwen-1 mission:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.planetary.org\/space-missions\/tianwen-1\">Your Guide to Tianwen-1 | The Planetary Society<\/a>.\\<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tianwen-1\">Tianwen-1 &#8211; Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>** <strong>Hints of underwater lakes on Mars detected with radar soundings by Europe&#8217;s Mars Express orbiter<\/strong>: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-020-02751-1\">Water on Mars: discovery of three buried lakes intrigues scientists &#8211; Nature<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>Two years ago, planetary scientists reported the discovery of a large saltwater lake under the ice at Mars\u2019s south pole, a finding that was met with excitement and some scepticism. Now, researchers have confirmed the presence of that lake \u2014 and found three more.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>The discovery, reported on 28 September in Nature Astronomy<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-020-02751-1#ref-CR1\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">1<\/a>, was made using radar data from the European Space Agency\u2019s Mars-orbiting spacecraft, called Mars Express. It follows the detection of a single subsurface lake <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-018-05795-6\" data-track=\"click\" data-label=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-018-05795-6\" data-track-category=\"body text link\">in the same region<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-018-05795-6\" data-track=\"click\" data-label=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-018-05795-6\" data-track-category=\"body text link\"> in 2018<\/a> \u2014 which, if confirmed, would be the first body of liquid water ever detected on the red planet and a possible habitat for life. But that finding was based on just 29 observations made from 2012 to 2015, and many researchers said they needed more evidence to support the claim. The latest study used a broader data set comprising 134 observations from 2012 to 2019.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>\u201cWe identified the same body of water, but we also found three other bodies of water around the main one,\u201d says planetary scientist Elena Pettinelli at the University of Rome, who is one of the paper\u2019s co-authors. \u201cIt\u2019s a complex system.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<p>See also: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.technologyreview.com\/2020\/09\/28\/1008958\/there-might-be-even-more-underground-reservoirs-of-liquid-water-on-mars\/\">There might be even more underground reservoirs of liquid water on Mars | MIT Technology Review<\/a><\/p>\n<p>** <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/mars.nasa.gov\/insight\/\">Insight<\/a> lander&#8217;s <\/strong><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/mars.nasa.gov\/insight\/spacecraft\/instruments\/hp3\/\">Mole<\/a> moves below the surface but still unclear if it can dig deeper<\/strong>. The instrument was built to dig itself 5 meters underground and measure the temperature.\u00a0 The goal is to better understand the heat flow from the interior of the planet to the surface. However, the slippery, super-dry and powdery soil prevented the mole from obtaining sufficient grip to move itself downward using a hammering mechanism.\u00a0 The probe even moved backwards out of the ground in several failed workarounds. Eventually, the team used the lander&#8217;s scoop to push on the probe and succeeded in at least moving the mole deep enough to cover itself with dirt.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dlr.de\/blogs\/en\/desktopdefault.aspx\/tabid-5893\/9577_read-1144\/searchtagid-71788\/\">Logbook entry 16 October 2020 &#8211; The InSight mission logbook &#8211; DLR<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/behindtheblack.com\/behind-the-black\/points-of-information\/update-on-insights-mole-it-is-now-underground\/\">Update on InSight\u2019s mole: It is now underground &#8211; Behind the Black<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>We found that during the first two rounds of hammering and during the first half of the third round of hammering, the scoop went further into the sand. Since the Mole was hidden under the scoop, the penetration of the probe itself could not be observed directly. During the hammering, the flat tether running to the probe moved considerably, but these could only be clearly identified as forward movements during the hammering on 22 August. Overall, we could estimate from the movements of the scoop that the Mole moved at most one centimetre further into the ground. It was interesting to observe that during the second half of the round of 250 hammer blows on 19 September, the scoop did not go any further, probably because it encountered duricrust. This was certainly a desired outcome, as it allowed a second Free Mole Test to be conducted. In fact, the probe continued to move according to the movements of the tether, but it could not be clearly determined that these movements brought the Mole deeper into the ground.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>** <strong>Leonard David updates on Curiosity&#8217;s roving<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.leonarddavid.com\/curiosity-mars-rover-breaking-open-the-mystery-of-the-groken-nodules\/\">Curiosity Mars Rover: Breaking Open the Mystery of the \u201cGroken\u201d Nodules<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.leonarddavid.com\/curiosity-mars-rover-bump-and-groking\/\">Curiosity Mars Rover: Bump and \u201cGroking\u201d in a Strange Land<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.leonarddavid.com\/curiosity-mars-rover-mosaic-in-the-making-of-distant-housedon-hill\/\">Curiosity Mars Rover: Mosaic in the Making of Distant \u201cHousedon Hill\u201d<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.leonarddavid.com\/curiosity-mars-rover-heading-for-2900-sols-exploring-the-red-planet\/\">Curiosity Mars Rover: Heading for 2,900 Sols Exploring the Red Planet<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.leonarddavid.com\/curiosity-mars-rover-stratigraphy-via-telescope\/\">Curiosity Mars Rover: Stratigraphy via Telescope<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.leonarddavid.com\/curiosity-mars-rover-atmospherics\/\">Curiosity Mars Rover: Atmospherics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.leonarddavid.com\/curiosity-mars-rover-new-drill-target-2\/\">Curiosity Mars Rover: New Drill Target<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.leonarddavid.com\/curiosity-mars-rover\/\">Curiosity Mars Rover: Analyzing Results of First of its Kind Experiment<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.leonarddavid.com\/curiosity-mars-rover-succeeds-in-unique-experiment\/\">Curiosity Mars Rover Succeeds in Unique Experiment<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.leonarddavid.com\/curiosity-mars-rover-dusty-days-on-the-red-planet\/\">Curiosity Mars Rover: Dusty Days on the Red Planet<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.leonarddavid.com\/curiosity-mars-rover-a-new-hole-on-mars\/\">Curiosity Mars Rover: A New Hole on Mars!<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>** <strong>Tour more sites on the marvelous Martian surface<\/strong> with <a href=\"https:\/\/behindtheblack.com\/\">Bob Zimmerman<\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/behindtheblack.com\/behind-the-black\/points-of-information\/a-massive-martian-glacier-that-looks-just-like-a-glacier-on-earth\/\">A massive Martian glacier that looks just like a glacier on Earth<\/a> &#8211; &#8220;<em>The many parallel grooves or fractures running along the length of the glacier resemble what are seen in many similar Earth glaciers. Some of these fractures are caused by the glaciers slow drift downward, with different sections moving at slightly different rates, thus causing a separation along the flow. Hence the parallel<\/em>&#8220;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/behindtheblack.com\/behind-the-black\/points-of-information\/lava-cones-fissures-and-channels-from-olympus-mons\/\">Lava cones, fissures, and channels from Olympus Mons<\/a> &#8211; &#8220;The location of this image is west of Olympus Mons. It sits on the vast lava plain that was laid down by that volcano, the largest in the solar system.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/behindtheblack.com\/behind-the-black\/points-of-information\/more-martian-pits-2\/\">More Martian pits!<\/a> &#8211; &#8220;<em>This post will highlight five new photos and the pits therein. The first two, on the right, are both located on the southern flanks of the giant volcano Arsia Mons, where many such pits are found<\/em>.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/behindtheblack.com\/behind-the-black\/points-of-information\/a-typical-mid-latitude-martian-crater-with-glacial-features\/\">A typical mid-latitude Martian crater with glacial features<\/a> &#8211; &#8220;<em>&#8230; the image cropped and reduced to post here, is a great example of many craters scientists <a href=\"https:\/\/behindtheblack.com\/behind-the-black\/essays-and-commentaries\/the-glaciers-of-mars\/\">have found<\/a> in the mid-latitudes on Mars containing a variety of features that suggest buried glaciers.<\/em>&#8220;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/behindtheblack.com\/behind-the-black\/points-of-information\/cliffs-of-martian-ice\/\">Cliffs of Martian ice<\/a> &#8211; &#8220;<em>This ice scarp is one of <a href=\"http:\/\/www.hou.usra.edu\/meetings\/lpsc2020\/pdf\/2398.pdf\">about two dozen [pdf]<\/a> that have so far been found within the latitude bands of approximately 45 to 65 degrees latitude in both the north and south hemispheres. The data so far obtained suggests that the scarp exists because of a pure water ice layer just below the surface.<\/em> &#8220;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/behindtheblack.com\/behind-the-black\/points-of-information\/criss-crossing-martian-ridges-hit-by-new-impacts\/\">Criss-crossing Martian ridges hit by new impacts<\/a> &#8211; &#8220;<em>The darker northwest-to-southeast ridges appear to be ash deposits that are being eroded away by the wind, thus explaining their orientation parallel to the prevailing wind direction.<\/em>&#8221; See also <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uahirise.org\/ESP_065189_1700\">A Criss-Cross Landscape with Fresh Craters (ESP_065189_1700) &#8211; HiRISE<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/behindtheblack.com\/behind-the-black\/points-of-information\/on-the-rim-of-mars-grand-canyon\/\">On the rim of Mars\u2019 Grand Canyon<\/a> &#8211; The photo &#8220;<em>shows only a tiny section of this [Valles Marineris] gigantic canyon\u2019s rim. At this spot the depth from rim to floor is about 4.3 miles, or about 22,700 feet. In the image itself I estimate the cliff at the rim to be somewhere between 6,000 to 8,000 feet high, more than the depth of the entire Grand Canyon. And that\u2019s only this top cliff.&#8221;<\/em><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/behindtheblack.com\/behind-the-black\/points-of-information\/big-scallops-in-the-martian-southern-latitudes\/\">Big scallops in the Martian southern latitudes<\/a>: &#8220;<em>The photo &#8230;\u00a0 shows an example of some large scalloped depressions in the high southern latitudes of Mars.<\/em>&#8220;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/behindtheblack.com\/behind-the-black\/points-of-information\/martian-channels-formed-by-water-by-ice-by-lava\/\">Martian channels formed by water? by ice? by lava?<\/a> &#8211; &#8220;<em>The channels suggest some form of flow going downhill to the northwest, but was it caused by water or ice?<\/em>&#8220;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/behindtheblack.com\/behind-the-black\/points-of-information\/an-ice-covered-mountain-on-mars\/\">An ice-covered mountain on Mars?<\/a> &#8211; &#8220;<em>Today\u2019s cool image, taken <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uahirise.org\/ESP_065299_1360\">on July 1, 2020<\/a> by the high resolution camera on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, is of a mound-like mountain on Mars that to all intents and purposes appears covered by glacial ice, some eroded, some not.<\/em>&#8220;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/behindtheblack.com\/behind-the-black\/points-of-information\/corroding-glacier-in-crater-rim-gully\/\">Corroding glacier in crater rim gully?<\/a> &#8211; &#8220;<em>Today\u2019s cool image to the right, rotated and cropped to post here, shows a gully flowing down the north facing rim of a 30-mile-wide crater in the southern cratered highlands.<\/em> &#8220;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/behindtheblack.com\/behind-the-black\/points-of-information\/a-patch-of-chaos-in-the-martian-cratered-southern-highlands\/\">A patch of chaos in the Martian cratered southern highlands<\/a> &#8211; &#8220;<em>Taken by the context wide angle camera on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, this image shows us a strange isolated patch of what appears to be <a href=\"https:\/\/behindtheblack.com\/behind-the-black\/points-of-information\/the-beginning-of-chaos-on-mars\/\">chaos terrain<\/a>, which on Mars generally means an area of random knobs and mesas cut by canyons and channels.<\/em>&#8220;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/behindtheblack.com\/behind-the-black\/points-of-information\/martian-channels-within-martian-channels\/\">Martian channels within Martian channels<\/a> &#8211; &#8220;<em>Whatever caused the meandering canyons on Mars, whether glaciers or liquid water, it was a process that was long-lived and multi-staged, as indicated by today\u2019s cool image&#8230;<\/em>&#8220;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/behindtheblack.com\/behind-the-black\/points-of-information\/martian-crater-filled-with-lava\/\">Martian crater filled with lava<\/a> &#8211; &#8220;<em>Unlike most of the recent images I\u2019ve posted from Mars, today\u2019s has nothing glacial about it. Instead, the photo to the right, cropped to post here, shows us a crater where lava broke through the southern rim to fill its interior.<\/em>&#8220;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/behindtheblack.com\/behind-the-black\/essays-and-commentaries\/unexplored-mars\/\">Unexplored Mars<\/a> &#8211; &#8220;<em>We today are blessed at being born at the very beginning of the space age, the human race\u2019s first attempts to explore the universe beyond Earth\u2019s atmosphere. The mysteries and unknowns hidden out there are legion, and in science (as in life) the mysteries and the unknowns are the most important. Even on Mars, which had been the focus of intense exploration during the past two decades, our knowledge remains limited and scattered. A full understanding will take at least a few more generations of exploration. I envy the future generations this task. It will be exciting, ennobling, and above all, a whole lot of fun.&#8221;<\/em><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/behindtheblack.com\/behind-the-black\/points-of-information\/the-frozen-and-changing-mid-latitudes-of-mars\/\">The frozen and changing mid-latitudes of Mars<\/a> &#8211; &#8220;<em>Using \u201cfrozen\u201d and \u201cchanging\u201d to describe any single location might seem contradictory, but when it comes to the mid-latitudes of Mars, high resolution images keep telling us that both often apply, at the same time and at the same place.<\/em>&#8220;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/behindtheblack.com\/behind-the-black\/essays-and-commentaries\/the-alien-red-planet-and-the-scientific-method\/\">The alien Red Planet and the scientific method<\/a> &#8211; &#8220;<em>In the winter on Mars the carbon dioxide in its atmosphere falls as snow at the poles, laying a mantle of carbon dioxide dry ice on everything down to about 60 degrees latitude. In the spring, when the Sun returns, the ground below that dry ice mantle is warmed, causing the dry ice to turn to gas at its base. Eventually gas pressure causes the mantle to break at its weak points, allowing that CO2 gas to escape while leaving behind a dark splotch.<\/em>&#8220;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/behindtheblack.com\/behind-the-black\/points-of-information\/sharp-martian-ridges-sticking-up-from-the-dust\/\">Sharp Martian ridges sticking up from the dust<\/a> &#8211; &#8220;<em>This part of Arabia Terra seems somewhat boring from a distance, an endless vista of craters, with no major mountains or channels or canyons or anything big and spectacular. As is usually the case, that distant view gives an incorrect impression. On a human scale close-up, there is plenty of interesting stuff hidden among these craters. Opportunity during its journey illustrated this.<\/em> &#8220;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/behindtheblack.com\/behind-the-black\/points-of-information\/a-martian-starburst-spider\/\">A Martian starburst spider <\/a>&#8211; &#8220;<em>Each winter the poles of Mars are blanketed with a thin mantle of dry ice, generally less than six feet thick. When spring arrives and sunlight hits this mantle, it heats the ice and sand on which the mantle lies, and that warmth causes the mantle\u2019s base to sublimate back into gas. Eventually gas pressure causes the mantle to crack at its weak points so the gas can escape. By the time summer arrives that mantle is entirely gone, all of it returning to the atmosphere as CO2 gas.<\/em>&#8220;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/behindtheblack.com\/behind-the-black\/points-of-information\/strange-glacial-flow-features-on-mars\/\">Strange glacial flow features on Mars?<\/a> &#8211; &#8220;<em>These features are typical in the mid-latitudes, and once again suggest the presence of buried glacial ice.<\/em>&#8220;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/behindtheblack.com\/behind-the-black\/points-of-information\/another-pit-on-mars\/\">Another pit on Mars!<\/a> &#8211; &#8220;<em>&#8230;most of the pits in this area are alike, isolated pits with no other related features. If they are skylights into lava tubes, those tubes show no expression on the surface, which suggests they are either deep underground or simply don\u2019t exist. The assumption that these pits are skylights into larger cave systems is based on Earth experience. On Mars however volcanic lava flow might express itself in different ways. To better understand this geology we simply have to enter these pits and explore them.<\/em>&#8220;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/behindtheblack.com\/behind-the-black\/points-of-information\/the-icy-erebus-mountains-near-where-starship-will-land-on-mars\/\">The icy Erebus Mountains near where Starship will land on Mars<\/a> &#8211;<br \/>\n<em>These mountains appear to be a very icy place, much like the nearby Phlegra Mountains another 500 miles to the west. One of SpaceX\u2019s Starship images, #9, was taken in Phelgra, and a previous post in April looked at the similar very icy nature of those mountains<\/em><em>Erebus Montes apparently has as much if not more ice, and its terrain is far less forbidding that the mountains at Phlegra. There are no steep escarpments or mountains to cross. Future colonists will need only drive between scattered small hills to get to any ice mining site that pleases them.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/behindtheblack.com\/behind-the-black\/points-of-information\/bright-tipped-perplexing-terrain-on-mars\/\">Bright-tipped perplexing terrain on Mars<\/a> &#8211; &#8220;<em>It is very clear we are looking at a collection of straight and curved ridges and mesas, all of which for some reason are bright at their tips and edges. Some of the curved ridges might be the rims of craters, but only some. Other ridge lines look more like leftovers following a strange erosion process. The problem is that to my uneducated eye I can find little rhyme or reason to these shapes.&#8221;<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><u>Solar System:<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>** <strong>Hubble takes a gorgeous photo of Jupiter<\/strong>: \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.spacetelescope.org\/news\/heic2017\/?lang\">Hubble Captures Crisp New Image of Jupiter and Europa | ESA\/Hubble<\/a><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_22993\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-22993\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.spacetelescope.org\/news\/heic2017\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"22993\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?attachment_id=22993\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/heic2017a1.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1280,1058\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;NASA, ESA, A. Simon (Goddard Spa&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;This latest image of Jupiter, taken by the NASA\/ESA Hubble Space Telescope on 25 August 2020, was captured when the planet was 653 million kilometres from Earth. Hubble\\u2019s sharp view is giving researchers an updated weather report on the monster planet\\u2019s turbulent atmosphere, including a remarkable new storm brewing, and a cousin of the Great Red Spot changing colour \\u2014 again. The new image also features Jupiter\\u2019s icy moon Europa.&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1600369200&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Hubble\\u2019s Crisp New Image of Jupiter and Europa&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Hubble\u2019s Crisp New Image of Jupiter and Europa\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;This latest image of Jupiter, taken by the NASA\/ESA Hubble Space Telescope on 25 August 2020, was captured when the planet was 653 million kilometres from Earth. Hubble\u2019s sharp view is giving researchers an updated weather report on the monster planet\u2019s turbulent atmosphere, including a remarkable new storm brewing, and a cousin of the Great Red Spot changing colour \u2014 again. The new image also features Jupiter\u2019s icy moon Europa.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/heic2017a1-500x413.jpg\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/heic2017a1-1024x846.jpg\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-22993\" src=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/heic2017a1-500x413.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"413\" srcset=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/heic2017a1-500x413.jpg 500w, https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/heic2017a1-1024x846.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/heic2017a1-768x635.jpg 768w, https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/heic2017a1.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-22993\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">This latest image of Jupiter, taken by the NASA\/ESA Hubble Space Telescope on 25 August 2020, was captured when the planet was 653 million kilometres from Earth. Hubble\u2019s sharp view is giving researchers an updated weather report on the monster planet\u2019s turbulent atmosphere, including a remarkable new storm brewing, and a cousin of the Great Red Spot changing colour \u2014 again. The new image also features Jupiter\u2019s icy moon Europa.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong><u>Astronomy<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>** <strong>Gi-normous collision of two black holes detected by gravitational wave observatories<\/strong>: <a href=\"https:\/\/news.mit.edu\/2020\/ligo-virgo-gravitational-wave-0902\">A \u201cbang\u201d in LIGO and Virgo detectors signals most massive gravitational-wave source yet | MIT News | Massachusetts Institute of Technology<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>&#8230; researchers have detected a signal from what may be the most massive black hole merger yet observed in gravitational waves. The product of the merger is the first clear detection of an \u201cintermediate-mass\u201d black hole, with a mass between 100 and 1,000 times that of the sun.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>They detected the signal, which they have labeled GW190521, on May 21, 2019, with the National Science Foundation\u2019s Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO), a pair of identical, 4-kilometer-long interferometers in the United States; and Virgo, a 3-kilometer-long detector in Italy.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>The signal, resembling about four short wiggles, is extremely brief in duration, lasting less than one-tenth of a second. From what the researchers can tell, GW190521 was generated by a source that is roughly 5 gigaparsecs away, when the universe was about half its age, making it one of the most distant gravitational-wave sources detected so far.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>More at:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-020-02524-w\">\u2018It\u2019s mindboggling!\u2019: astronomers detect most powerful black-hole collision yet &#8211; Nature<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencenews.org\/article\/physics-gravitational-waves-midsize-black-hole-collision-ligo-virgo\">LIGO and Virgo spotted the first confirmed midsize black hole | Science News<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"title style-scope ytd-video-primary-info-renderer\">And Scott Manly describes the event:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>GW190521 was the name given to a gravitational wave event observed by LIGO and VIRGO in May 2019, and after a year of analysis and modelling it&#8217;s now clear that not only was this the largest gravitational wave event ever recorded, but, it required progenitor black holes which were more massive than can be created by a supernova.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"1600\" height=\"900\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/FtYwsw3hefc?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=en&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span><\/p>\n<p>** <strong>Zoom to Fading Supernova in NGC 2525<\/strong> &#8211; NASA<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>This video zooms into the barred spiral galaxy NGC 2525, located 70 million light-years away in the southern constellation Puppis. Roughly half the diameter of our Milky Way, it was discovered by British astronomer William Herschel in 1791 as a &#8220;spiral nebula.&#8221; The sharpness of the image increases as we zoom into the Hubble view. As we approach an outer spiral arm a Hubble time-lapse video is inserted that shows the fading light of supernova 2018gv. Hubble didn&#8217;t record the initial blast in January 2018, but for nearly one year took consecutive photos, from 2018 to 2019, that have been assembled into a time-lapse sequence. At its peak, the exploding star was as bright as 5 billion Suns.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>More at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/feature\/goddard\/2020\/hubble-watches-exploding-star-fade-into-oblivion\/\" target=\"_d\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Hubble Watches Exploding Star Fade Into Oblivion | NASA<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"1600\" height=\"900\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/GQ13j55P3sE?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=en&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span><\/p>\n<p>** <strong>Terrifying marvels lurking in space<\/strong>:\u00a0 Galaxy of Horrors: Terrifying Real Planets (live public talk) &#8211; von Karman Lectures\/NASA JPL<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>There are many deadly and mysterious phenomena out there in the Milky Way. This month\u2019s show will profile some of the real \u2014 and terrifying \u2014 marvels of astrophysics and exoplanets exposing some of the dangers lurking in the darkness of space&#8230;<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>Host: Brian White<\/em><br \/>\n<em>Co-Host: Thalia Rivera, Public Outreach Specialist, JPL<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>Speaker(s): Dr. Tiffany Kataria, Exoplanet Scientist, JPL Dr. Daniel Stern, Astrophysicist, JPL Dr. Jacqueline McCleary, Astrophysicist, JPL<\/em><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"1600\" height=\"900\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Pg7idDGDaWE?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=en&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><u>Sun<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>** <strong>Latest on the solar cycle and start of the next maximum<\/strong> from\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/behindtheblack.com\/behind-the-black\/points-of-information\/scientists-declare-solar-minimum-over-with-next-sunspot-maximum-coming\/\">Bob Zimmerman<\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/behindtheblack.com\/behind-the-black\/essays-and-commentaries\/sunspot-update-practically-no-sunspots-for-a-month\/\">Sunspot update: Practically no sunspots for a month<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/behindtheblack.com\/behind-the-black\/points-of-information\/scientists-declare-solar-minimum-over-with-next-sunspot-maximum-coming\/\">Scientists declare solar minimum over, with next sunspot maximum coming<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/behindtheblack.com\/behind-the-black\/points-of-information\/sunspot-update-more-evidence-of-an-upcoming-maximum\/\">Sunspot update: More evidence of an upcoming maximum<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>What is clear is that the activity does herald the next maximum. As in the past few months, the sunspots in August all had polarities that assigned them to the new maximum. While it is not impossible for there to be a handful of sunspots in the next few months that belong to the last maximum, it now appears that the last cycle is pretty much over. We are entering the ramp up to the next maximum, presently predicted by a portion of the solar science community aligned with NOAA to be a weak one.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>Above all, the real scientific mystery remains: Scientists do not really yet understand the causes and processes that produce this sunspot cycle. They know without question that it is caused by cycles in the Sun\u2019s magnetic dynamo, but their understanding of the details behind this process remain quite unknown.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>Furthermore, the Sun\u2019s importance to the climate on Earth is unquestioned. What we still do not know is its precise influence on long term climate changes. There is circumstantial evidence that it causes cooling and warming of the climate on scales of decades and centuries, but this remains unconfirmed. Once again, our understanding of the details behind the changes in the climate remain quite unknown.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>** <strong>The <a href=\"http:\/\/parkersolarprobe.jhuapl.edu\/\">Parker Solar Probe<\/a> opens up science data from fourth orbit<\/strong> around the Sun.: <a href=\"http:\/\/parkersolarprobe.jhuapl.edu\/News-Center\/Show-Article.php?articleID=153\">Parker Solar Probe Mission Releases Science Data from Fourth Orbit &#8211; Parker Solar Probe<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>Just over a month after <a href=\"http:\/\/parkersolarprobe.jhuapl.edu\/News-Center\/Show-Article.php?articleID=151\">Parker Solar Probe marked two action-packed years in space<\/a>\u2014and hot on the heels of its third Venus flyby and fifth solar orbit\u2014the mission to \u201ctouch\u201d the Sun released another trove of data to the public on Sept. 15.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>This latest data captured by the spacecraft\u2019s four instrument suites spans Parker Solar Probe\u2019s fourth orbit around the Sun, including its first two Venus flybys, maneuvers used to bring the spacecraft\u2019s orbit in closer to the Sun.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>The public can access the latest data through NASA\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/spdf.gsfc.nasa.gov\/\">Space Physics Data Facility<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/umbra.nascom.nasa.gov\/index.html\/\">Solar Data Analysis Center<\/a>, the <a href=\"http:\/\/sppgway.jhuapl.edu\/\">APL Parker Solar Probe Gateway<\/a>, and the Science Operation Centers of the four science investigation teams (the <a href=\"http:\/\/fields.ssl.berkeley.edu\/\">University of California, Berkeley<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/spacephysics.princeton.edu\/missions-instruments\/isois\">Princeton University<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/sweap.cfa.harvard.edu\/\">Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics<\/a>; and the <a href=\"https:\/\/wispr.nrl.navy.mil\/\">Naval Research Laboratory<\/a>). Data from Parker Solar Probe\u2019s first three orbits is also available.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>** <strong>A preview of Solar Cycle 25<\/strong>: <a href=\"https:\/\/thespaceshow.com\/show\/23-sep-2020\/broadcast-3577-hotel-mars-dr.-dean-pesnell\"><strong>Hotel Mars<\/strong> &#8211; John Batchelor Show\/The Space Show &#8211; Wed. Sept.23.2020<\/a> &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/thespaceshow.com\/guest\/john-batchelor\">John Batchelor<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/thespaceshow.com\/guest\/dr.-david-livingston\">Dr. David Livingston<\/a> interviewed <a href=\"https:\/\/thespaceshow.com\/guest\/dr.-w.-dean-pesnell\">Dr. W. Dean Pesnell<\/a> about the current Solar Cycle 25:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>Dr. Pesnell was part of the Solar Cycle 24 Prediction Panel so we started off with a short Q&amp;A about the Solar Cycle Prediction Panel. Dr. Pesnell talked about the sun having been studied for around 400 years but now with solar satellites and technology, we are learning much more about it as well sunspots and their cycles. Some of the additional topics talked about included space mission planning with space weather. Artemis was a good example of this, plus he talked about planning shielding for CME protection and more. I asked our guest about sunspots and climate change. You might be surprised by what he said on this topic. Dr. Pesnell had much to say about Cycle 25 which we are now in because it does and will impact Earth. Before our single segment ended, both John and Dr. Pesnell worked in additional topics you will want to hear about.<\/em><\/p>\n<audio class=\"wp-audio-shortcode\" id=\"audio-22810-2\" preload=\"none\" style=\"width: 100%;\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"audio\/mpeg\" src=\"https:\/\/thespaceshow.com\/sites\/default\/files\/shows\/3577-BWB-2020-09-23.mp3?_=2\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/thespaceshow.com\/sites\/default\/files\/shows\/3577-BWB-2020-09-23.mp3\">https:\/\/thespaceshow.com\/sites\/default\/files\/shows\/3577-BWB-2020-09-23.mp3<\/a><\/audio>\n<p><strong><u>Moon<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>** <strong>A rusting Moon<\/strong>: <a href=\"https:\/\/thespaceshow.com\/show\/16-sep-2020\/broadcast-3573-hotel-mars-dr.-shuai-li\">Hotel Mars &#8211; John Batchelor\/The Space Show &#8211; Wed. Sept.20.2020<\/a> &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/thespaceshow.com\/guest\/john-batchelor\">John Batchelor<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/thespaceshow.com\/guest\/dr.-david-livingston\">Dr. David Livingston<\/a> talk with <a href=\"https:\/\/thespaceshow.com\/guest\/dr.-shuai-li\">Dr. Shuai Li<\/a> from the University of Hawaii Geophysical Dept. talked about finding rust on the Moon and its probable cause.<\/p>\n<audio class=\"wp-audio-shortcode\" id=\"audio-22810-3\" preload=\"none\" style=\"width: 100%;\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"audio\/mpeg\" src=\"https:\/\/thespaceshow.com\/sites\/default\/files\/shows\/3573-BWB-2020-09-16.mp3?_=3\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/thespaceshow.com\/sites\/default\/files\/shows\/3573-BWB-2020-09-16.mp3\">https:\/\/thespaceshow.com\/sites\/default\/files\/shows\/3573-BWB-2020-09-16.mp3<\/a><\/audio>\n<p>** <strong>Chang&#8217;e-4 lander and Yutu-2 rover resume exploration activities<\/strong> following 22nd lunar night hibernation:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.xinhuanet.com\/english\/2020-10\/11\/c_139432467.htm\">China&#8217;s Chang&#8217;e-4 probe resumes work for 23rd lunar day &#8211; Xinhu<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.space.com\/china-chang-e-4-moon-mission-lunar-day-23\">China&#8217;s moon mission robots wake up for a 23rd lunar day as team snags major award | Space.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.leonarddavid.com\/chinas-farside-lander-rover-up-and-operating\/\">China\u2019s Farside Lander\/Rover \u2013 Up and Operating &#8211; Leonard David<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>** <strong>China to launch the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chang%27e_5\">Chang&#8217;e 5 mission<\/a> this fall to gather a 2 kg lunar soil sample<\/strong> and bring it back to earth:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.leonarddavid.com\/china-farside-moon-exploration-update-return-sample-next\/\">China Farside Moon Exploration Update; Return Sample Next &#8211; Leonard David<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/spacenews.com\/china-is-quietly-preparing-for-november-launch-of-the-change-5-lunar-sample-return-mission\/\">China is quietly preparing for November launch of the Chang\u2019e-5 lunar sample return mission &#8211; SpaceNews<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.planetary.org\/articles\/china-new-lunar-missions\">Farside Landing and Nearside Sample Return | The Planetary Society<\/a> &#8211; background material<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>More about the Chang&#8217;e-5 mission:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em><span class=\"style-scope yt-formatted-string\" dir=\"auto\">China plans to launch the Chang&#8217;e-5 lunar probe by the end of this year, a senior designer said at the ongoing 2020 China Space Conference in Fuzhou, capital of east China&#8217;s Fujian Province, which will continue until Sept 21.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"1600\" height=\"900\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/_raAMC8XnJI?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=en&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span><\/p>\n<p>* <strong>Chang&#8217;e-4 studies of landing site illuminate a history of asteroid impacts<\/strong>: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.xinhuanet.com\/english\/2020-09\/08\/c_139352621.htm\">China Focus: China&#8217;s Chang&#8217;e-4 probe reveals landing site impact history on moon&#8217;s far side &#8211; Xinhua<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>The results showed that the materials detected by Yutu-2 come from the nearby Finsen impact crater rather than the basalt erupted from the lunar mantle, which filled the bottom of the Von Karman Crater. It was also revealed that the landing area had experienced multiple impact events and basalt magma eruptions.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>The new discoveries are of great significance to understanding the evolutionary history of the South Pole-Aitken basin of the moon, as well as to the following exploration and research on the composition and structure of the lunar interior, said Lin Yangting, a researcher with the IGG.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">&#8230;<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>The internal evolution of the moon has long ceased due to its small mass. Therefore, impact craters and the deposit profile of crater ejecta on the lunar surface have recorded the impact history of asteroids in the earth-moon system.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>According to Lin, the subsurface structure of the moon recorded the number and scale of large-scale impact events and magma eruptions, as well as their temporal and spatial relationships. However, the fine structure of the moon&#8217;s shallow layers remains a mystery to humans.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>The modification of lunar surface materials by asteroid impacts has a direct influence on the results obtained from orbital observations and landing site reconnaissance, and affects how scientists will implement the lunar sample return missions in the future, Lin said.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>** <strong>The Moon&#8217;s appearance depends on your point of view<\/strong>: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.planetary.org\/articles\/can-the-moon-be-upside-down\">Can the Moon be upside down? | The Planetary Society<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>Did you know that the Moon looks different from Earth\u2019s northern and southern hemispheres? Someone looking at the Moon from our north pole would see it upside down compared to someone seeing it from the south pole. And someone on the equator would see it at various orientations throughout the day.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>** <strong>Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) spots a donut<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/lroc.sese.asu.edu\/posts\/1151\">A Lunar Donut: Bell E Crater | Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/behindtheblack.com\/behind-the-black\/points-of-information\/a-donut-on-the-moon\/\">A donut on the Moon &#8211; Behind the Black<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>Impact craters dominate the lunar landscape. Most are shaped like circles, some like ovals, and there are even the occasional <a href=\"http:\/\/lroc.sese.asu.edu\/posts\/755\">square<\/a> craters.\u00a0 But sometimes, we find craters that look like donuts! Craters not only vary in shape but also in complexity. There are simple craters and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lroc.asu.edu\/posts\/265\">complex craters<\/a> with ring structures and mountains at the center. Somewhere in between is <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3d3K2yM\">Bell E<\/a>,\u00a0a small crater located within the larger Bell crater. These donut-shaped formations are commonly known as concentric craters. Many questions remain on the origin of donut craters. While there have been several ideas about their origin, including double impacts, the currently favored hypotheses involve volcanic processes and compositional variations.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Another LRO image shows that the lunar surface is not unchanging:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/lroc.sese.asu.edu\/posts\/1158\">Kepler Crater Landslide | Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/behindtheblack.com\/behind-the-black\/points-of-information\/a-lunar-landslide\/\">A lunar landslide &#8211; Behind the\u00a0 Black<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">&#8220;[The image] <em>shows a spectacular landslide almost a mile and a half long that had occurred on the interior rim of a crater on the Moon<\/em>&#8220;.<\/p>\n<p><figure id=\"attachment_22994\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-22994\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/lroc.sese.asu.edu\/posts\/1158\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"22994\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?attachment_id=22994\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/content_slide.ano_.smreduced1.png\" data-orig-size=\"500,388\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Lunar Landslide\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;&amp;#8220;Mass movement of rocky debris down the inner crater wall and onto the floor of Kepler crater. Image width  3 kilometers, north is up,M114206456LR [NASA\/GSFC\/Arizona State University].&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/content_slide.ano_.smreduced1.png\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/content_slide.ano_.smreduced1.png\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22994\" src=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/content_slide.ano_.smreduced1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"388\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-22994\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">&#8220;Mass movement of rocky debris down the inner crater wall and onto the floor of Kepler crater. Image width 3 kilometers, north is up,<a href=\"http:\/\/lroc.sese.asu.edu\/posts\/1158\"> M114206456LR<\/a> [NASA\/GSFC\/Arizona State University].&#8221;<\/figcaption><\/figure>Background info on the LRO : <a href=\"https:\/\/www.planetary.org\/space-missions\/lunar-reconnaissance-orbiter\">Your Guide to NASA&#8217;s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter &#8211; The Planetary Society<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong><u>Exoplanets<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>** <strong>Exoplanet-finder <a href=\"https:\/\/tess.mit.edu\/\">TESS<\/a> creates a grand panorama of the Northern Sky<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.universetoday.com\/148198\/time-flies-nasa-releases-a-mosaic-of-tess-view-of-the-northern-sky-after-two-years-of-operation\/\">Time Flies. NASA Releases a Mosaic of TESS&#8217; View of the Northern Sky After Two Years of Operation &#8211; Universe Today<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/image-feature\/goddard\/2020\/nasa-s-tess-creates-a-cosmic-vista-of-the-northern-sky\">TESS Creates a Cosmic Vista of the Northern Sky | NASA<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>Familiar stars shine, nebulae glow, and nearby galaxies tantalize in a new panorama of the northern sky assembled from 208 pictures captured by NASA\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/tess-transiting-exoplanet-survey-satellite\">Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS)<\/a>. The planet hunter imaged about 75% of the sky in a two-year-long survey and is still going strong.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"1600\" height=\"900\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/aKSvBJz_CdU?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=en&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>TESS has <a href=\"https:\/\/exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu\/\">discovered 74\u00a0exoplanets<\/a>, or worlds beyond our solar system. Astronomers are sifting through some 1,200 additional exoplanet candidates, where potential new worlds await confirmation. More than 600 of these candidates lie in the northern sky.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>TESS locates planets by simultaneously monitoring many stars over large regions of the sky and watching for tiny changes in their brightness. When a planet passes in front of its host star from our perspective, it blocks some of the star\u2019s light, causing it to temporarily dim. This event is called a transit, and it repeats with every orbit of the planet around the star. This technique has proven to be the most successful planet-finding strategy so far, accounting for about three quarters of the nearly 4,300 exoplanets now known. The data collected also allow for the study of other phenomena such as stellar variations and supernova explosions in unprecedented detail.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>The northern mosaic covers less of the sky than its <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/feature\/goddard\/2019\/nasa-s-tess-presents-panorama-of-southern-sky\">southern counterpart<\/a>, which was imaged during the mission\u2019s first year of operations. For about half of the northern sectors, the team decided to angle the cameras further north to minimize the impact of scattered light from Earth and the Moon. This results in a prominent gap in coverage.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>** <strong>Study examines exoplanets that might be more suitable for life than Earth<\/strong>: <a href=\"https:\/\/news.wsu.edu\/2020\/10\/05\/planets-may-better-life-earth\/\">Some planets may be better for life than Earth &#8211; WSU Insider\/Washington State University<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>A study led by Washington State University scientist Dirk Schulze-Makuch recently published in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.liebertpub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/ast.2019.2161\">journal Astrobiology<\/a> details characteristics of potential \u201csuperhabitable\u201d planets which include those that are older, a little larger, slightly warmer and possibly wetter than Earth. Life could also more easily thrive on planets that circle more slowly changing stars with longer lifespans than our sun.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>The 24 top contenders for superhabitable planets are all more than 100 light years away, but Schulze-Makuch said the study could help focus future observation efforts, such as from NASA\u2019s James Web Space Telescope, the LUVIOR space observatory and the European Space Agency\u2019s PLATO space telescope.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>** Another study using TESS looks at how &#8220;super-flares&#8221; from some types of stars<\/strong> could limit the development and sustainability of life: <a href=\"https:\/\/uncnews.unc.edu\/2020\/10\/07\/new-research-explores-how-super-flares-affect-planets-habitability\/\">New research explores how super flares affect planets\u2019 habitability &#8211; UNC News<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>Ultraviolet light from giant stellar flares can destroy a planet\u2019s habitability. New research from the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unc.edu\/\">University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill<\/a> will help astrobiologists understand how much radiation planets experience during super flares and whether life could exist on worlds beyond our solar system.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>Super flares are bursts of energy that are 10 to 1,000 times larger than the biggest flares from the Earth\u2019s sun. These flares can bathe a planet in an amount of ultraviolet light huge enough to doom the chances of life surviving there.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>Researchers from UNC-Chapel Hill have for the first time measured the temperature of a large sample of super flares from stars, and the flares\u2019 likely ultraviolet emissions. Their findings, published Oct. 5 ahead of print in <a href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2010.00604\">Astrophysical Journal<\/a>, will allow researchers to put limits on the habitability of planets that are targets of upcoming planet-finding missions.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong><u>Universe: The end (or not)<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>** <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/thespaceshow.com\/show\/04-sep-2020\/broadcast-3566-dr.-matt-caplan\">The Space Show &#8211; Friday Sept.4.2020<\/a> &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/thespaceshow.com\/guest\/dr.-matthew-caplan\">Dr. Matthew Caplan<\/a><\/strong> talked &#8220;about theories on how the universe will end. Other topics included extra terrestrial life, New Physics, alternative universes, stars and plans, super novas and much more&#8221;.<\/p>\n<audio class=\"wp-audio-shortcode\" id=\"audio-22810-4\" preload=\"none\" style=\"width: 100%;\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"audio\/mpeg\" src=\"https:\/\/thespaceshow.com\/sites\/default\/files\/shows\/3566-BWB-2020-09-04.mp3?_=4\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/thespaceshow.com\/sites\/default\/files\/shows\/3566-BWB-2020-09-04.mp3\">https:\/\/thespaceshow.com\/sites\/default\/files\/shows\/3566-BWB-2020-09-04.mp3<\/a><\/audio>\n<p>** <strong>New Nobelist <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roger_Penrose\">Roger Penrose<\/a> discusses a theory that describes a never-ending universe cycling<\/strong> through Big Bangs and infinite expansions: <em><strong>Roger Penrose &#8211; Did the Universe Begin? &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCl9StMQ79LtEvlrskzjoYbQ\" target=\"_d\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Closer To Truth &#8211; YouTube<\/a><br \/>\n<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em> Some scientists claim that the universe did not have a beginning. Some theologians contend that the universe did not need a beginning. Yet the universe is expanding, and so run the movie in reverse and there seems to be a beginning. What stakes are riding on whether the universe had a beginning?<\/em><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"1600\" height=\"900\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/OFqjA5ekmoY?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=en&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>===<\/em><strong><em> Amazon Ad <\/em><\/strong><em>===<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/gp\/product\/0691175543\/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&amp;camp=1789&amp;creative=9325&amp;creativeASIN=0691175543&amp;linkCode=as2&amp;tag=hobbyspace&amp;linkId=91037df1c021a34ad39cf7a3621977b9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">More Things in the Heavens:<br \/>\nHow Infrared Astronomy Is Expanding Our View of the Universe<\/a><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"border: none !important; margin: 0px !important;\" src=\"\/\/ir-na.amazon-adsystem.com\/e\/ir?t=hobbyspace&amp;l=am2&amp;o=1&amp;a=0691175543\" alt=\"\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" border=\"0\" \/><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><iframe style=\"width: 120px; height: 240px;\" src=\"\/\/ws-na.amazon-adsystem.com\/widgets\/q?ServiceVersion=20070822&amp;OneJS=1&amp;Operation=GetAdHtml&amp;MarketPlace=US&amp;source=ac&amp;ref=tf_til&amp;ad_type=product_link&amp;tracking_id=hobbyspace&amp;marketplace=amazon&amp;region=US&amp;placement=0691175543&amp;asins=0691175543&amp;linkId=0ba7f3e7ee3431ca0c3cc735dc73981d&amp;show_border=true&amp;link_opens_in_new_window=true&amp;price_color=333333&amp;title_color=0066c0&amp;bg_color=ffffff\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A sampling of recent articles, videos, and images from space-related science news items (find previous roundups here): ** Asteroids and Comets ** OSIRIS-REx set to touch down briefly on Bennu &#8211; The Long Arm of NASA: The OSIRIS-REx Spacecraft Gets Ready To Grab An Asteroid Sample &#8211; IEEE Spectrum Sixteen years after NASA\u2019s OSIRIS-REx mission &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?p=22810\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Space sciences roundup &#8211; Oct.19.2020<\/span> <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[107],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-22810","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-space-sciences-roundup"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p34aWK-5VU","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":2052,"url":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?p=2052","url_meta":{"origin":22810,"position":0},"title":"Nine year old wins contest to name OSIRIS-REx target asteroid","author":"TopSpacer","date":"May 1, 2013","format":false,"excerpt":"NASA's OSIRIS-REx Mission will take off in 2016 on a mission to visit the near-Earth carbonaceous asteroid (101955) . It will grab a sample of the object and bring it back to earth for analysis. The name 101955 is, to say the least, a bit boring. So\u00a0the University of Arizona\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Contests and Games&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Contests and Games","link":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?cat=16"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":7301,"url":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?p=7301","url_meta":{"origin":22810,"position":1},"title":"OSIRIS-REx to return sample of asteroid Bennu","author":"TopSpacer","date":"April 12, 2014","format":false,"excerpt":"The\u00a0OSIRIS-REx Asteroid Sample Return Mission\u00a0has gotten the green flag to begin building the hardware in preparation for launch in the fall of 2016. It will reach the asteroid Bennu in 2016 and return a sample from its surface in 2023. You can send your name to the asteroid by participating\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Asteroids &amp; Comets&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Asteroids &amp; Comets","link":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?cat=75"},"img":{"alt_text":"This is an artist's concept of NASA's OSIRIS-REx spacecraft preparing to take a sample from asteroid Bennu.","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.nasa.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/673xvariable_height\/public\/osiris_touch_thumbnail_0_1_3.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":12226,"url":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?p=12226","url_meta":{"origin":22810,"position":2},"title":"Send your artwork to an asteroid","author":"TopSpacer","date":"February 19, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"The\u00a0OSIRIS-REx\u00a0mission aims to explore an asteroid and bring back a sample of it back to earth. If you submit \"a sketch, photograph, graphic, poem, song, short video or other creative or artistic expression\" to the\u00a0We The Explorers\u00a0outreach program and it will be digitized and sent along with the spacecraft in\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Asteroids &amp; Comets&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Asteroids &amp; Comets","link":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?cat=75"},"img":{"alt_text":"WeTheExplorers-NASAgovOREx[1]","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/WeTheExplorers-NASAgovOREx1-1024x768.png?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":6081,"url":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?p=6081","url_meta":{"origin":22810,"position":3},"title":"Send your name to the Bennu asteroid","author":"TopSpacer","date":"January 17, 2014","format":false,"excerpt":"NASA offers you an opportunity to send your name to an asteroid: NASA Invites Public to Send Names on an Asteroid Mission and Beyond ASA is inviting people around the world to submit their names to be etched on a microchip aboard a spacecraft headed to the asteroid Bennu in\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Asteroids &amp; Comets&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Asteroids &amp; Comets","link":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?cat=75"},"img":{"alt_text":"OSIRIS-REx artist concept","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.nasa.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/673xvariable_height\/public\/osiris_touch_thumbnail_0_1.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":17239,"url":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?p=17239","url_meta":{"origin":22810,"position":4},"title":"OSIRIS-REx begins exploration of asteroid Bennu","author":"TopSpacer","date":"December 9, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"NASA's science probe OSIRIS-REx (Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, Security-Regolith Explorer) arrived at the asteroid Bennu last week. After a few weeks of reconnaissance of the small object, the spacecraft will move in close enough to go into orbit around it.\u00a0NASA's OSIRIS-REx Spacecraft Arrives at Asteroid Bennu - NASA https:\/\/youtu.be\/NYGHbl_esgw\u2026","rel":"","context":"Similar post","block_context":{"text":"Similar post","link":""},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/arrival-bennu-full-rotation1.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/arrival-bennu-full-rotation1.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/arrival-bennu-full-rotation1.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/arrival-bennu-full-rotation1.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":13223,"url":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?p=13223","url_meta":{"origin":22810,"position":5},"title":"BINARY SPACE SpaceTraveler mission simulator now includes OSIRIS-REx","author":"TopSpacer","date":"September 21, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"An update to the SpaceTraveler Solar System & Space Missions Simulator at\u00a0BINARY SPACE\u00a0now includes the OSIRIS-REx mission to the asteroid Bennu, which just launched this month. (See \u00a0the posting\u00a0OSIRIS-REx to return sample of asteroid Bennu.) Note that SpaceTraveler is not a game type of simulator but an educational tool to\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Simulators&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Simulators","link":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?cat=40"},"img":{"alt_text":"osiris-rex-1","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/OSIRIS-REx-1-1024x610.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22810","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=22810"}],"version-history":[{"count":25,"href":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22810\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":22999,"href":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22810\/revisions\/22999"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=22810"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=22810"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=22810"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}