{"id":16729,"date":"2018-09-13T11:00:26","date_gmt":"2018-09-13T15:00:26","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?p=16729"},"modified":"2018-09-12T17:13:21","modified_gmt":"2018-09-12T21:13:21","slug":"hubble-galaxy-cluster-abell-370-magnifies-ancient-objects-beyond-it","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?p=16729","title":{"rendered":"Hubble: Galaxy cluster Abell 370 magnifies ancient objects beyond it"},"content":{"rendered":"

The latest report from the NASA\/ESA Hubble collaboration:<\/a><\/p>\n

BUFFALO charges towards the earliest galaxies<\/a><\/strong>
\nNew Hubble project provides wide-field view of the galaxy cluster Abell 370\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

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The galaxy cluster Abell 370 was the first target of the BUFFALO survey, which aims to search for some of the first galaxies in the Universe.\u00a0This remarkable cluster in the constellation of Cetus is located approximately four billion light-years away. Its mass, consisting of both hundreds of galaxies and dark matter, bends and distorts the light coming from even more distant objects behind it. This effect is known as strong gravitational lensing.\u00a0The most stunning demonstration of gravitational lensing can be seen just below the centre of the image. Nicknamed \u201cthe Dragon\u201d, this extended feature is made up of a multitude of duplicated images of a spiral galaxy in the background of Abell 370 \u2014 all lying five billion light-years away. Credit:\u00a0NASA, ESA, A. Koekemoer, M. Jauzac, C. Steinhardt, and the BUFFALO team. [Hi-Res image<\/a>s]<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>The NASA\/ESA Hubble Space Telescope has started a new mission to shed light on the evolution of the earliest galaxies in the Universe. The BUFFALO survey will observe six massive galaxy clusters and their surroundings. The first observations show the galaxy cluster Abell 370 and a host of magnified, gravitationally lensed galaxies around it.<\/p>\n
https:\/\/cdn.spacetelescope.org\/archives\/videos\/medium_podcast\/heic1816a.mp4<\/a><\/video><\/div>\n

Learning about the formation and evolution of the very first galaxies in the Universe is crucial for our understanding of the cosmos. While the\u00a0NASA\/ESA Hubble Space Telescope<\/a>\u00a0has already detected some of the most distant galaxies known, their numbers are small, making it hard for astronomers to determine if they represent the Universe at large.<\/p>\n

Massive galaxy clusters like Abell 370, which is visible in this new image, can help astronomers find more of these distant objects. The immense masses of galaxy clusters make them act as cosmic magnifying glasses. A cluster\u2019s mass bends and magnifies light from more distant objects behind it, uncovering objects otherwise too faint for even Hubble\u2019s sensitive vision. Using this cosmological trick \u2014 known as strong\u00a0gravitational lensing<\/a>\u00a0\u2014 Hubble is able to explore some of the earliest and most distant galaxies in the Universe.<\/p>\n

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With the final observation of the distant galaxy cluster Abell 370 \u2014 some five billion light-years away \u2014 the Frontier Fields program came to an end. Abell 370 is one of the very first galaxy clusters in which astronomers observed the phenomenon of gravitational lensing, the warping of spacetime by the cluster\u2019s gravitational field that distorts the light from galaxies lying far behind it. This manifests as arcs and streaks in the picture, which are the stretched images of background galaxies. [Hi-Res image<\/a>s]<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>Numerous galaxies are lensed by the mass of Abell 370. The most stunning demonstration of gravitational lensing can be seen just below the centre of the cluster. Nicknamed \u201cthe Dragon\u201d, this extended feature is made up of a multitude of duplicated images of a spiral galaxy which lies beyond the cluster.<\/p>\n

This image of Abell 370 and its surroundings was made as part of the new\u00a0Beyond Ultra-deep Frontier Fields And Legacy Observations<\/a>\u00a0(BUFFALO) survey. This project, led by European astronomers from the Niels Bohr Institute (Denmark) and Durham University (UK), was designed to succeed the successful\u00a0Frontier Fields<\/a>\u00a0project\u00a0[1]<\/a>. 101 Hubble orbits \u2014 corresponding to 160 hours of precious observation time \u2014 have been dedicated to exploring the six Frontier Field\u00a0galaxy clusters<\/a>. These additional observations focus on the regions surrounding the galaxy clusters, allowing for a larger field of view.<\/p>\n

https:\/\/cdn.spacetelescope.org\/archives\/videos\/medium_podcast\/heic1816b.mp4<\/a><\/video><\/div>\n

BUFFALO\u2019s main mission, however, is to investigate how and when the most massive and luminous galaxies in the Universe formed and how early galaxy formation is linked to dark matter assembly. This will allow astronomers to determine how rapidly galaxies formed in the first 800 million years after the Big Bang \u2014 paving the way for observations with the upcoming\u00a0NASA\/ESA\/CSA James Webb Space Telescope<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Driven by the Frontier Fields observations, BUFFALO will be able to detect the most distant galaxies approximately ten times more efficiently than its progenitor. The BUFFALO survey will also take advantage of other space telescopes which have already observed the regions around the clusters. These datasets will be included in the search for the first galaxies.<\/p>\n

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This image composite shows the new observations of Abell 370 made for the BUFFALO project, as well as the old observation made for the Frontier Fields programme. The composition clearly shows the extended field of view in the new observations. [Hi-res images<\/a>]<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>The extended fields of view will also allow better 3-dimensional mapping of the mass distribution \u2014 of both ordinary and dark matter \u2014 within each galaxy cluster. These maps help astronomers learn more about the evolution of the lensing galaxy clusters and about the nature of dark matter.<\/p>\n

Notes<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/a>[1] Frontier Fields was a Hubble programme that ran from 2013 to 2017. Hubble spent 630 hours of observation time probing six notable galaxy clusters, all of which showed effects of strong gravitational lensing.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The latest report from the NASA\/ESA Hubble collaboration: BUFFALO charges towards the earliest galaxies New Hubble project provides wide-field view of the galaxy cluster Abell 370\u00a0 The NASA\/ESA Hubble Space Telescope has started a new mission to shed light on the evolution of the earliest galaxies in the Universe. The BUFFALO survey will observe six … Continue reading Hubble: Galaxy cluster Abell 370 magnifies ancient objects beyond it<\/span> →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[12],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-16729","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-astronomy"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p34aWK-4lP","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":14325,"url":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?p=14325","url_meta":{"origin":16729,"position":0},"title":"Hubble space telescope: A new view of the Abell 370 cluster of galaxies","author":"TopSpacer","date":"May 4, 2017","format":false,"excerpt":"A new report from the\u00a0NASA\/ESA Hubble Space Telescope: The final frontier of the Frontier Fields\u00a0 The NASA\/ESA Hubble Telescope has peered across six billion light years of space to resolve extremely faint features of the galaxy cluster Abell 370 that have not been seen before. 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