{"id":16660,"date":"2018-08-30T14:18:00","date_gmt":"2018-08-30T18:18:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?p=16660"},"modified":"2018-08-30T14:18:00","modified_gmt":"2018-08-30T18:18:00","slug":"video-hubble-captures-aurora-in-action-on-saturns-north-pole","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?p=16660","title":{"rendered":"Video: Hubble captures aurora in action on Saturn&#8217;s north pole"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>A new report from the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.spacetelescope.org\/\" target=\"_d\">NASA\/ESA Hubble Telescope collaboration<\/a>:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.spacetelescope.org\/news\/heic1815\/?lang\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hubble observes energetic lightshow at Saturn\u2019s north pole<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><figure id=\"attachment_16661\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-16661\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.spacetelescope.org\/images\/heic1815a\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"16661\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?attachment_id=16661\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/heic1815a1.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"700,431\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;ESA\/Hubble, NASA, A. Simon (GSFC&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;This image is a composite of observations made of Saturn in early 2018 in the optical and of the auroras on Saturn\\u2019s north pole region, made in 2017. In contrast to the auroras on Earth the auroras on Saturn are only visible in the ultraviolet \\u2014 a part of the electromagnetic spectrum blocked by Earth\\u2019s atmosphere \\u2014 and therefore astronomers have to rely on space telescopes like the NASA\/ESA Hubble Space Telescope to study them.&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1535644800&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Saturn and its northern auroras (composite image)&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Saturn and its northern auroras (composite image)\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;This image is a composite of observations made of Saturn in early 2018 in the optical and of the auroras on Saturn\u2019s north pole region, made in 2017. In contrast to the auroras on Earth the auroras on Saturn are only visible in the ultraviolet \u2014 a part of the electromagnetic spectrum blocked by Earth\u2019s atmosphere \u2014 and therefore astronomers have to rely on space telescopes like the NASA\/ESA Hubble Space Telescope to study them.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/heic1815a1-300x185.jpg\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/heic1815a1.jpg\" class=\"wp-image-16661\" src=\"http:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/heic1815a1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"308\" srcset=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/heic1815a1.jpg 700w, https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/heic1815a1-300x185.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-16661\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>This image is a composite of observations made of Saturn in early 2018 in the optical and of the auroras on Saturn\u2019s north pole region, made in 2017. In contrast to the auroras on Earth the auroras on Saturn are only visible in the ultraviolet \u2014 a part of the electromagnetic spectrum blocked by Earth\u2019s atmosphere \u2014 and therefore astronomers have to rely on space telescopes like the NASA\/ESA Hubble Space Telescope to study them. [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.spacetelescope.org\/images\/heic1815a\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Higher-res image<\/a>]<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>Astronomers using the NASA\/ESA Hubble Space telescope have taken a series of spectacular images featuring the fluttering auroras at the north pole of Saturn. The observations were taken in ultraviolet light and the resulting images provide astronomers with the most comprehensive picture so far of Saturn\u2019s northern aurora.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"1600\" height=\"900\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/c4hRiqaW19Y?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=en&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span><\/p>\n<p>In 2017, over a period of seven months, the NASA\/ESA Hubble Space Telescope took images of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aurora\">auroras<\/a>\u00a0above\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saturn\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Saturn\u2019s<\/a>\u00a0north pole region using the\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/spacetelescope.org\/about\/general\/instruments\/stis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph<\/a>. The observations were taken before and after the Saturnian\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Summer_solstice\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">northern summer solstice<\/a>. These conditions provided the best achievable viewing of the northern auroral region for Hubble.<\/p>\n<p>On Earth, auroras are mainly created by particles originally emitted by the Sun in the form of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Solar_wind\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">solar wind<\/a>. When this stream of electrically charged particles gets close to our planet, it interacts with the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Magnetosphere\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">magnetic field<\/a>, which acts as a gigantic shield. While it protects Earth\u2019s environment from solar wind particles, it can also trap a small fraction of them. Particles trapped within the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Magnetosphere\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">magnetosphere<\/a>\u00a0\u2014\u00a0the region of space surrounding Earth in which charged particles are affected by its magnetic field \u2014 can be energised and then follow the magnetic field lines down to the magnetic poles.\u00a0There, they interact with oxygen and nitrogen atoms in the upper layers of the atmosphere, creating the flickering, colourful lights visible in the polar regions here on Earth\u00a0<a href=\"#1\">[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><figure id=\"attachment_16662\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-16662\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.spacetelescope.org\/images\/heic1815b\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"16662\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?attachment_id=16662\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/heic1815b1.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"700,699\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;ESA\/Hubble, NASA \\u0026amp; L. Lamy (Obse&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;The image, observed with the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph in the ultraviolet, shows the auroras surrounding Saturn\\u2019s north pole region. In comparing the different observations it became clear that Saturn\\u2019s auroras show a rich variety of emissions with highly variable localised features. The variability of the auroras is influenced by both the solar wind and the rapid rotation of Saturn.&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1535644800&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Saturn\\u2019s northern auroras&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Saturn\u2019s northern auroras\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;The image, observed with the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph in the ultraviolet, shows the auroras surrounding Saturn\u2019s north pole region. In comparing the different observations it became clear that Saturn\u2019s auroras show a rich variety of emissions with highly variable localised features. The variability of the auroras is influenced by both the solar wind and the rapid rotation of Saturn.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/heic1815b1-300x300.jpg\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/heic1815b1.jpg\" class=\"wp-image-16662\" src=\"http:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/heic1815b1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"499\" srcset=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/heic1815b1.jpg 700w, https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/heic1815b1-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/heic1815b1-300x300.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-16662\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>The image, observed with the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph in the ultraviolet, shows the auroras surrounding Saturn\u2019s north pole region. In comparing the different observations it became clear that Saturn\u2019s auroras show a rich variety of emissions with highly variable localised features. The variability of the auroras is influenced by both the solar wind and the rapid rotation of Saturn. [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.spacetelescope.org\/images\/heic1815b\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Higher-res images<\/a>]<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>However, these auroras are not unique to Earth. Other planets in our Solar System have been found to have similar auroras. Among them are the four gas giants Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Because the atmosphere of each of the four outer planets in the Solar System is \u2014 unlike the Earth \u2014 dominated by hydrogen, Saturn\u2019s auroras can only be seen in ultraviolet wavelengths; a part of the electromagnetic spectrum which can only be studied from space.<\/p>\n<p>Hubble allowed researchers to monitor the behaviour of the auroras at Saturn&#8217;s north pole over an extended period of time. The Hubble observations were coordinated with the \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/saturn.jpl.nasa.gov\/mission\/grand-finale\/overview\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Grand Finale<\/a>\u201d of the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cassini spacecraft<\/a>, when the spacecraft simultaneously probed the auroral regions of Saturn\u00a0<a href=\"#2\">[2]<\/a>. The Hubble data allowed astronomers to learn more about\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Magnetosphere_of_Saturn\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Saturn<\/a>\u2019s magnetosphere, which is the largest of any planet in the Solar System other than Jupiter.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"1600\" height=\"900\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/1C0Jfly2Rks?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=en&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span><\/p>\n<p>The images show a rich variety of emissions with highly variable localised features. The variability of the auroras is influenced by both the solar wind and the rapid rotation of Saturn, which lasts only about 11 hours. On top of this, the northern aurora displays two distinct peaks in brightness \u2014 at dawn and just before midnight. The latter peak, unreported before, seems specific to the interaction of the solar wind with the magnetosphere at Saturn\u2019s solstice.<\/p>\n<p>The main image presented here is a composite of observations made of Saturn in early 2018 in the optical and of the auroras on Saturn\u2019s north pole region, made in 2017, demonstrating the size of the auroras along with the beautiful colours of Saturn.<\/p>\n<p>Hubble has studied Saturn&#8217;s auroras in the past. In 2004, it studied the southern auroras shortly after the southern solstice (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.spacetelescope.org\/news\/heic0504\/\">heic0504<\/a>) and in 2009 it took advantage of a rare opportunity to record Saturn when its rings were edge-on (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.spacetelescope.org\/news\/heic1003\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">heic1003<\/a>). This allowed Hubble to observe both poles and their auroras simultaneously.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Notes<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a class=\"anchor\" name=\"1\"><\/a>[1] The auroras here on Earth have different names depending on which pole they occur at. Aurora Borealis, or the northern lights, is the name given to auroras around the north pole and Aurora Australis, or the southern lights, is the name given for auroras around the south pole.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"anchor\" name=\"2\"><\/a>[2] Cassini was a collaboration between NASA, ESA and the Italian Space Agency. It spent 13 years orbiting Saturn, gathering information and giving astronomers a great insight into the inner workings of Saturn. Cassini took more risks at the end of its mission, travelling through the gap between Saturn and its rings. No spacecraft had previously done this, and Cassini gathered spectacular images of Saturn as well as new data for scientists to work with. On 15 September 2017 Cassini was sent on a controlled crash into Saturn.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Links<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.spacetelescope.org\/images\/archive\/category\/spacecraft\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Images of Hubble<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1029\/2018GL078211\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Study in\u00a0<em>Geophysical Research Letters<\/em><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A new report from the NASA\/ESA Hubble Telescope collaboration: Hubble observes energetic lightshow at Saturn\u2019s north pole Astronomers using the NASA\/ESA Hubble Space telescope have taken a series of spectacular images featuring the fluttering auroras at the north pole of Saturn. The observations were taken in ultraviolet light and the resulting images provide astronomers with &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?p=16660\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Video: Hubble captures aurora in action on Saturn&#8217;s north pole<\/span> <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[12],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-16660","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-astronomy"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p34aWK-4kI","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":6463,"url":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?p=6463","url_meta":{"origin":16660,"position":0},"title":"Video: The dancing auroras of Saturn","author":"TopSpacer","date":"February 12, 2014","format":false,"excerpt":"A beautiful set of image sequences showing the auroras of Saturn in action:\u00a0Dance of Saturn's Auroras - YouTube http:\/\/youtu.be\/p32xzRSBXuk From the caption: Ultraviolet and infrared images from NASA's Cassini spacecraft and Hubble Space Telescope show active and quiet auroras at Saturn's north and south poles. Saturn's auroras glow when energetic\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Gas giants Saturn, Jupiter, et al&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Gas giants Saturn, Jupiter, et al","link":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?cat=87"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/img.youtube.com\/vi\/p32xzRSBXuk\/0.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":12828,"url":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?p=12828","url_meta":{"origin":16660,"position":1},"title":"Hubble telescope captures vivid auroras above Jupiter&#8217;s northern pole","author":"TopSpacer","date":"June 30, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"A report from the\u00a0NASA\/ESA Hubble Observatory team: Hubble captures vivid auroras in Jupiter\u2019s atmosphere\u00a0 Astronomers are using the NASA\/ESA Hubble Space Telescope to study auroras \u2014 stunning light shows in a planet\u2019s atmosphere \u2014 on the poles of the largest planet in the Solar System, Jupiter. This observation programme is\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Astronomy&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Astronomy","link":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?cat=12"},"img":{"alt_text":"This image combines an image taken with Hubble Space Telescope in the optical (taken in spring 2014) and observations of its auroras in the ultraviolet, taken in 2016.","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/heic1613a1.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":5651,"url":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?p=5651","url_meta":{"origin":16660,"position":2},"title":"Hubble telescope spots evidence of water vapor venting from Jupiter moon Europa","author":"TopSpacer","date":"December 12, 2013","format":false,"excerpt":"An interesting finding for the Jupiter moon Europa\u00a0by the Hubble Telescope\u00a0: \u00a0Hubble discovers water vapour venting from Jupiter\u2019s moon Europa - ESA\/Hubble This artist's impression shows Jupiter and its moon Europa using actual Jupiter and Europa images in visible light. The Hubble ultraviolet images showing\u00a0the faint emission from the water\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Gas giants Saturn, Jupiter, et al&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Gas giants Saturn, Jupiter, et al","link":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?cat=87"},"img":{"alt_text":"Water vapour plumes on Jupiter's moon Europa (artist's impression)","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.spacetelescope.org\/static\/archives\/images\/medium\/heic1322c.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":14208,"url":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?p=14208","url_meta":{"origin":16660,"position":3},"title":"Ocean Worlds: New details on sub-surface water in moons of Saturn and Jupiter","author":"TopSpacer","date":"April 13, 2017","format":false,"excerpt":"NASA today presented new results from studies of the water plumes emitted from underground seas of Saturn's moon Enceladus and Jupiter's moon Europa. The new NASA website Ocean Worlds\u00a0describes these moons and the many other objects in our solar system, including large asteroids and Mars, that also have significant amounts\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Europa, Titan, &amp; other deep space sites&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Europa, Titan, &amp; other deep space sites","link":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?cat=98"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/17-042_main_image1.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":15658,"url":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?p=15658","url_meta":{"origin":16660,"position":4},"title":"NASA\/ESA: Hubble observes more water in exoplanet atmosphere than expected","author":"TopSpacer","date":"March 2, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"A new finding by the Hubble Telescope: Hubble observes exoplanet atmosphere in more detail than ever before An international team of scientists has used the NASA\/ESA Hubble Space Telescope to study the atmosphere of the hot exoplanet WASP-39b. 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