{"id":16023,"date":"2018-05-16T13:00:53","date_gmt":"2018-05-16T17:00:53","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?p=16023"},"modified":"2018-05-16T00:55:39","modified_gmt":"2018-05-16T04:55:39","slug":"eso-alma-and-vlt-see-signs-of-stars-forming-just-250m-years-after-the-big-bang","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?p=16023","title":{"rendered":"ESO: ALMA and VLT see signs of stars forming just 250M years after the Big Bang"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>The latest news from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.eso.org\/public\/news\/eso1815\/?lang\" target=\"_d\">ESO<\/a>\u00a0(European Southern Observatory):<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.eso.org\/public\/news\/eso1815\/?lang\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ALMA and VLT Find Evidence for Stars Forming<br \/>\nJust 250 Million Years After Big Bang<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_16024\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-16024\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.eso.org\/public\/images\/eso1815a\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"16024\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?attachment_id=16024\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/eso1815a1.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"700,700\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;ALMA (ESO\/NAOJ\/NRAO), NASA\/ESA H&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;This image shows the galaxy cluster MACS J1149.5+2223 taken with the NASA\/ESA Hubble Space Telescope; the inset image is the very distant galaxy MACS1149-JD1, seen as it was 13.3 billion years ago and observed with ALMA. Here, the oxygen distribution detected with ALMA is depicted in red.&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1526497200&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Hubble and ALMA image of MACS J1149.5+2223&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Hubble and ALMA image of MACS J1149.5+2223\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;This image shows the galaxy cluster MACS J1149.5+2223 taken with the NASA\/ESA Hubble Space Telescope; the inset image is the very distant galaxy MACS1149-JD1, seen as it was 13.3 billion years ago and observed with ALMA. Here, the oxygen distribution detected with ALMA is depicted in red.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/eso1815a1.jpg\" class=\"wp-image-16024\" src=\"http:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/eso1815a1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/eso1815a1.jpg 700w, https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/eso1815a1-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/eso1815a1-300x300.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-16024\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>This image shows the galaxy cluster MACS J1149.5+2223 taken with the NASA\/ESA Hubble Space Telescope; the inset image is the very distant galaxy MACS1149-JD1, seen as it was 13.3 billion years ago and observed with ALMA. Here, the oxygen distribution detected with ALMA is depicted in red. [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.eso.org\/public\/images\/eso1815a\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Larger images<\/a>]<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"text_intro pr_first\">Astronomers have used observations from the Atacama Large Millimeter\/submillimeter Array (ALMA) and ESO\u2019s Very Large Telescope (VLT) to determine that star formation in the very distant galaxy MACS1149-JD1 started at an unexpectedly early stage, only 250 million years after the Big Bang. This discovery also represents the most distant oxygen ever detected in the Universe and the most distant galaxy ever observed by ALMA or the VLT. The results will appear in the journal Nature on 17 May 2018.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"1600\" height=\"900\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/_spfSRxR4lQ?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=en&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span><\/p>\n<p>An international team of astronomers used\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/eso.org\/alma\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ALMA<\/a>\u00a0to observe a distant galaxy called MACS1149-JD1. They detected a very faint glow emitted by ionised oxygen in the galaxy. As this infrared light travelled across space, the expansion of the Universe stretched it to wavelengths more than ten times longer by the time it reached Earth and was detected by ALMA. The team inferred that the signal was emitted 13.3 billion years ago (or 500 million years after the Big Bang), making it the most distant oxygen ever detected by any telescope\u00a0<a href=\"#1\">[1]<\/a>. The presence of oxygen is a clear sign that there must have been even earlier generations of stars in this galaxy.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><em>\u201cI was thrilled to see the signal of the distant oxygen in the ALMA data,\u201d<\/em>\u00a0says Takuya Hashimoto, the lead author of the new paper and a researcher at both\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.osaka-sandai.ac.jp\/english\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Osaka Sangyo University<\/a>\u00a0and the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nao.ac.jp\/en\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Astronomical Observatory of Japan<\/a>.\u00a0<em>\u201cThis detection pushes back the frontiers of the observable Universe.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<p>In addition to the glow from oxygen picked up by ALMA, a weaker signal of hydrogen emission was also detected by ESO\u2019s\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.eso.org\/public\/teles-instr\/paranal-observatory\/vlt\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Very Large Telescope<\/a>\u00a0(VLT). The distance to the galaxy determined from this observation is consistent with the distance from the oxygen observation. This makes MACS1149-JD1 the most distant galaxy with a precise distance measurement and the most distant galaxy ever observed with ALMA or the VLT.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><em>\u201cThis galaxy is seen at a time when the Universe was only 500 million years old and yet it already has a population of mature stars,\u201d<\/em>\u00a0explains Nicolas Laporte, a researcher at University College London (UCL) in the UK and second author of the new paper.\u00a0<em>\u201cWe are therefore able to use this galaxy to probe into an earlier, completely uncharted period of cosmic history.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<p>For a period after the Big Bang there was no oxygen in the Universe; it was created by the fusion processes of the first stars and then released when these stars died. The detection of oxygen in MACS1149-JD1 indicates that these earlier generations of stars had been already formed and expelled oxygen by just 500 million years after the beginning of the Universe.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"1600\" height=\"900\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/28Ri4_H-g7Q?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=en&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span><\/p>\n<p>But when did this earlier star formation occur? To find out, the team reconstructed the earlier history of MACS1149-JD1 using infrared data taken with the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.spacetelescope.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA\/ESA Hubble Space Telescope<\/a>\u00a0and the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/spitzer\/main\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA Spitzer Space Telescope<\/a>. They found that the observed brightness of the galaxy is well-explained by a model where the onset of star formation corresponds to only 250 million years after the Universe began\u00a0<a href=\"#2\">[2]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"1600\" height=\"900\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ehWlvoe7AyI?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=en&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span><\/p>\n<p>The maturity of the stars seen in MACS1149-JD1 raises the question of when the very first galaxies emerged from total darkness, an epoch astronomers romantically term \u201ccosmic dawn\u201d. By establishing the age of MACS1149-JD1, the team has effectively demonstrated that galaxies existed earlier than those we can currently directly detect.<\/p>\n<p>Richard Ellis, senior astronomer at UCL and co-author of the paper, concludes:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><em>\u201cDetermining when cosmic dawn occurred is akin to the Holy Grail of cosmology and galaxy formation. With these new observations of MACS1149-JD1 we are getting closer to directly witnessing the birth of starlight! Since we are all made of processed stellar material, this is really finding our own origins.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"1600\" height=\"900\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/JtoBfVxqXoM?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=en&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Notes<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a class=\"anchor\" name=\"1\"><\/a>[1] ALMA has set the record for detecting the most distant oxygen several times. In 2016, Akio Inoue at Osaka Sangyo University and his colleagues used ALMA to find a signal of oxygen emitted 13.1 billion years ago. Several months later, Nicolas Laporte of University College London used ALMA to detect oxygen 13.2 billion years ago. Now, the two teams combined their efforts and achieved this new record, which corresponds to a redshift of 9.1.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"anchor\" name=\"2\"><\/a>[2] This corresponds to a redshift of about 15.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_16025\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-16025\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"16025\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?attachment_id=16025\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/eso1815b1.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"700,700\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;NASA, ESA, S. Rodney (John Hopki&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;This image shows the huge galaxy cluster MACS J1149.5+223, whose light took over 5 billion years to reach us. The huge mass of the cluster is bending the light from more distant objects. The light from these objects has been magnified and distorted due to gravitational lensing. The same effect is creating multiple images of the same distant objects.&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1526497200&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Galaxy cluster MACS j1149.5+223&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Galaxy cluster MACS j1149.5+223\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;This image shows the huge galaxy cluster MACS J1149.5+223, whose light took over 5 billion years to reach us. The huge mass of the cluster is bending the light from more distant objects. The light from these objects has been magnified and distorted due to gravitational lensing. The same effect is creating multiple images of the same distant objects.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/eso1815b1.jpg\" class=\"wp-image-16025\" src=\"http:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/eso1815b1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/eso1815b1.jpg 700w, https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/eso1815b1-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/eso1815b1-300x300.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-16025\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>This image shows the huge galaxy cluster MACS J1149.5+223, whose light took over 5 billion years to reach us. The huge mass of the cluster is bending the light from more distant objects. The light from these objects has been magnified and distorted due to gravitational lensing. The same effect is creating multiple images of the same distant objects. [ <a href=\"https:\/\/www.eso.org\/public\/images\/eso1815b\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Larger image<\/a>s]<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The latest news from\u00a0ESO\u00a0(European Southern Observatory): ALMA and VLT Find Evidence for Stars Forming Just 250 Million Years After Big Bang Astronomers have used observations from the Atacama Large Millimeter\/submillimeter Array (ALMA) and ESO\u2019s Very Large Telescope (VLT) to determine that star formation in the very distant galaxy MACS1149-JD1 started at an unexpectedly early stage, &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?p=16023\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">ESO: ALMA and VLT see signs of stars forming just 250M years after the Big Bang<\/span> <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[12],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-16023","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-astronomy"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p34aWK-4ar","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":26320,"url":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?p=26320","url_meta":{"origin":16023,"position":0},"title":"ESO: Disk detected around a star in another galaxy for the first time","author":"TopSpacer","date":"November 30, 2023","format":false,"excerpt":"A report from the European Southern Observatory (ESO): Astronomers discover disc around star in another galaxy for the first time In a remarkable discovery, astronomers have found a disc around a young star in the Large Magellanic Cloud, a galaxy neighbouring ours. 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