{"id":14476,"date":"2017-06-08T15:59:39","date_gmt":"2017-06-08T19:59:39","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?p=14476"},"modified":"2017-06-08T15:59:39","modified_gmt":"2017-06-08T19:59:39","slug":"the-art-of-exoplanets-the-challenge-of-depicting-what-has-not-been-seen","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?p=14476","title":{"rendered":"&#8220;The Art of Exoplanets&#8221; &#8211; The challenge of depicting what has not been seen"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Here is a NASA article about how artists create imagery of planets around other stars\u00a0realistically despite the fact no one has ever seen such an exoplanet up close:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/feature\/jpl\/the-art-of-exoplanets\" target=\"_d\">The Art of Exoplanets<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The moon hanging in the night sky sent Robert Hurt\u2019s mind into deep space &#8212; to a region some 40 light years away, in fact, where seven Earth-sized planets crowded close to a dim, red sun.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_14477\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-14477\" style=\"width: 520px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jpl.nasa.gov\/spaceimages\/details.php?id=PIA21422\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"14477\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?attachment_id=14477\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/PIA21422_hires1.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"2048,1024\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"TRAPPIST-1 Planet Lineup\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;This artist&amp;#8217;s concept shows what each of the TRAPPIST-1 planets may look like, based on available data about their sizes, masses and orbital distances. Credits: NASA\/JPL-Caltech Full image and caption&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/PIA21422_hires1-1024x512.jpg\" class=\"wp-image-14477 size-large\" src=\"http:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/PIA21422_hires1-1024x512.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"520\" height=\"260\" srcset=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/PIA21422_hires1-1024x512.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/PIA21422_hires1-300x150.jpg 300w, https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/PIA21422_hires1-768x384.jpg 768w, https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/PIA21422_hires1.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 520px) 100vw, 520px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-14477\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>This artist&#8217;s concept shows what each of the TRAPPIST-1 planets may look like, based on available data about their sizes, masses and orbital distances. Credits: NASA\/JPL-Caltech <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jpl.nasa.gov\/spaceimages\/details.php?id=PIA21422\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Full image and caption<\/a><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Hurt, a visualization scientist at Caltech\u2019s <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ipac.caltech.edu\/\">IPAC center<\/a>, was walking outside his home in Mar Vista, California, shortly after he learned of the discovery of these rocky worlds around a star called TRAPPIST-1 and got the assignment to visualize them. The planets had been revealed by NASA\u2019s Spitzer Space Telescope and ground-based observatories.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><em>\u201cI just stopped dead in my tracks, and I just stared at it,\u201d Hurt said in an interview. \u201cI was imagining that could be, not our moon, but the next planet over \u2013 what it would be like to be in a system where you could look up and see continental features on the next planet.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<p>So began a kind of inspirational avalanche. Hurt and his colleague, multimedia producer Tim Pyle, developed a series of arresting, photorealistic images of what the new system\u2019s tightly packed planets might look like &#8212; so tightly packed that they would loom large in each other\u2019s skies. Their visions of the TRAPPIST-1 system would appear in leading news outlets around the world.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"1600\" height=\"900\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/MjIg3GPiFcg?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=en&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Artists like Hurt and Pyle, who render vibrant visualizations based on data from Spitzer and other missions, are hybrids of sorts, blending expertise in both science and art. From squiggles on charts and columns of numbers, they conjure red, blue and green worlds, with half-frozen oceans or bubbling lava. Or they transport us to the surface of a world with a red-orange sun fixed in place, and a sky full of planetary companions.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><em>\u201cFor the public, the value of this is not just giving them a picture of something somebody made up,\u201d said Douglas Hudgins, a program scientist for the Exoplanet Exploration Program at NASA Headquarters in Washington. \u201cThese are real, educated guesses of how something might look to human beings. An image is worth a thousand words.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_14478\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-14478\" style=\"width: 456px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov\/catalog\/PIA21423\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"14478\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?attachment_id=14478\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/PIA214231.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"456,256\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Surface of TRAPPIST-1f\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;This artist&amp;#8217;s concept by Tim Pyle allows us to imagine what it would be like to stand on the surface of the exoplanet TRAPPIST-1f, located in the TRAPPIST-1 system in the constellation Aquarius. Credits: NASA\/JPL-Caltech Full image and caption&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/PIA214231.jpg\" class=\"wp-image-14478 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/PIA214231.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"456\" height=\"256\" srcset=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/PIA214231.jpg 456w, https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/PIA214231-300x168.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 456px) 100vw, 456px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-14478\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>This artist&#8217;s concept by Tim Pyle allows us to imagine what it would be like to stand on the surface of the exoplanet TRAPPIST-1f, located in the TRAPPIST-1 system in the constellation Aquarius. Credits: NASA\/JPL-Caltech.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov\/catalog\/PIA21423\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Full image and caption<\/a><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Hurt says he and Pyle are building on the work of artistic pioneers.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><em>\u201cThere\u2019s actually a long history and tradition for space art and science-based illustration,\u201d he said. \u201cIf you trace its roots back to the artist Chesley Bonestell (famous in the 1950s and \u201960s), he really was the artist who got this idea: Let\u2019s go and imagine what the planets in our solar system might actually look like if you were, say, on Jupiter\u2019s moon, Io. How big would Jupiter appear in the sky, and what angle would we be viewing it from?\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<p>To begin work on their visualizations, Hurt divided up the seven TRAPPIST-1 planets with Pyle, who shares an office with him at Caltech\u2019s IPAC center in Pasadena, California.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_14479\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-14479\" style=\"width: 520px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jpl.nasa.gov\/spaceimages\/details.php?id=PIA20068\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"14479\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?attachment_id=14479\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/PIA20068_hires1.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1820,1024\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Hot-Lava World Illustration\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;This illustration shows one possible scenario for the hot, rocky exoplanet called 55 Cancri e, which is nearly two times as wide as Earth. Robert Hurt created this in 2016.&lt;br \/&gt;\nCredits: NASA\/JPL-Caltech. Full image and caption&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/PIA20068_hires1-1024x576.jpg\" class=\"wp-image-14479 size-large\" src=\"http:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/PIA20068_hires1-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"520\" height=\"293\" srcset=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/PIA20068_hires1-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/PIA20068_hires1-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/PIA20068_hires1-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/PIA20068_hires1.jpg 1820w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 520px) 100vw, 520px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-14479\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>This illustration shows one possible scenario for the hot, rocky exoplanet called 55 Cancri e, which is nearly two times as wide as Earth. Robert Hurt created this in 2016.\u00a0<\/em><em>Credits: NASA\/JPL-Caltech. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jpl.nasa.gov\/spaceimages\/details.php?id=PIA20068\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Full image and caption<\/a><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Hurt holds a Ph.D. in astrophysics, and has worked at the center since he was a post-doctoral researcher in 1996 \u2013 when astronomical art was just his hobby.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><em>\u201cThey created a job for me,\u201d he said.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Pyle, whose background is in Hollywood special effects, joined Hurt in 2004.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_14480\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-14480\" style=\"width: 520px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jpl.nasa.gov\/spaceimages\/details.php?id=PIA14724\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"14480\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?attachment_id=14480\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/PIA14724_hires1.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1365,1024\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Where the Sun Sets Twice (Artist Concept)\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;NASA&amp;#8217;s Kepler mission discovered a world where two suns set over the horizon instead of just one, called Kepler-16b. Robert Hurt did this illustration of this fascinating world.&lt;br \/&gt;\nCredits: NASA\/JPL-Caltech. Full image and caption&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/PIA14724_hires1-1024x768.jpg\" class=\"wp-image-14480 size-large\" src=\"http:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/PIA14724_hires1-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"520\" height=\"390\" srcset=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/PIA14724_hires1-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/PIA14724_hires1-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/PIA14724_hires1-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/PIA14724_hires1.jpg 1365w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 520px) 100vw, 520px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-14480\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>NASA&#8217;s Kepler mission discovered a world where two suns set over the horizon instead of just one, called Kepler-16b. Robert Hurt did this illustration of this fascinating world.\u00a0Credits: NASA\/JPL-Caltech. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jpl.nasa.gov\/spaceimages\/details.php?id=PIA14724\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Full image and caption<\/a><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Hurt turns to Pyle for artistic inspiration, while Pyle relies on Hurt to check his science.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><em>\u201cRobert and I have our desks right next to each other, so we\u2019re constantly giving each other feedback,\u201d Pyle said. \u201cWe\u2019re each upping each other\u2019s game, I think.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<p>The TRAPPIST-1 worlds offered both of them a unique challenge. The two already had a reputation for illustrating many exoplanets \u2013 planets around stars beyond our own &#8212; but never seven Earth-sized worlds in a single system. The planets cluster so close to their star that a \u201cyear\u201d on each of them &#8212; the time they take to complete a single orbit &#8212; can be numbered in Earth days.<\/p>\n<p>And like the overwhelming majority of the thousands of exoplants found in our galaxy so far, they were detected using indirect means. No telescope exists today that is powerful enough to photograph them.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_14481\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-14481\" style=\"width: 520px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jpl.nasa.gov\/spaceimages\/details.php?id=PIA21475\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"14481\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?attachment_id=14481\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/PIA21475_hires1.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1822,1024\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;NASA\/JPL-Caltech\/T. Pyle (SSC)&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Brown Dwarf Weather (Artist&amp;#8217;s Concept)\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;This artist&amp;#8217;s concept by Tim Pyle shows what the weather might look like on cool star-like bodies known as brown dwarfs.&lt;br \/&gt;\nCredits: NASA\/JPL-Caltech\/University of Western Ontario\/Stony Brook University. Full image and caption&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/PIA21475_hires1-1024x576.jpg\" class=\"wp-image-14481 size-large\" src=\"http:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/PIA21475_hires1-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"520\" height=\"293\" srcset=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/PIA21475_hires1-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/PIA21475_hires1-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/PIA21475_hires1-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/PIA21475_hires1.jpg 1822w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 520px) 100vw, 520px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-14481\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>This artist&#8217;s concept by Tim Pyle shows what the weather might look like on cool star-like bodies known as brown dwarfs.\u00a0Credits: NASA\/JPL-Caltech\/University of Western Ontario\/Stony Brook University. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jpl.nasa.gov\/spaceimages\/details.php?id=PIA21475\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Full image and caption<\/a><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Real science informed their artistic vision. Using data from the telescopes that reveal each planet\u2019s diameter as well as its \u201cweight,\u201d or mass, and known stellar physics to determine the amount of light each planet would receive, the artists went to work.<\/p>\n<p>Both consulted closely with the planets&#8217; discovery team as they planned for a NASA announcement to coincide with a report in the journal Nature.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><em>\u201cWhen we\u2019re doing these artist\u2019s concepts, we\u2019re never saying, \u2018This is what these planets actually look like,\u2019\u201d Pyle said. \u201cWe\u2019re doing plausible illustrations of what they could look like, based on what we know so far. Having this wide range of seven planets actually let us illustrate almost the whole breadth of what would be plausible. This was going to be this incredible interstellar laboratory for what could happen on an Earth-sized planet.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<p>For TRAPPIST-1b, Pyle took Jupiter\u2019s volcanic moon, Io, as an inspiration, based on suggestions from the science team. For the outermost world, TRAPPIST-1h, he chose two other Jovian moons, the ice-encased Ganymede and Europa.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_14482\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-14482\" style=\"width: 520px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jpl.nasa.gov\/spaceimages\/details.php?id=PIA21472\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"14482\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?attachment_id=14482\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/PIA21472_hires1.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1820,1024\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Hottest Hot Jupiter Animation (Artist&amp;#8217;s Concept)\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;This artist&amp;#8217;s concept shows planet KELT-9b orbiting its host star, KELT-9. It is the hottest gas giant planet discovered so far. Credits: NASA\/JPL-Caltech Full image and caption&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/PIA21472_hires1-1024x576.jpg\" class=\"wp-image-14482 size-large\" src=\"http:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/PIA21472_hires1-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"520\" height=\"293\" srcset=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/PIA21472_hires1-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/PIA21472_hires1-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/PIA21472_hires1-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/PIA21472_hires1.jpg 1820w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 520px) 100vw, 520px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-14482\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>This artist&#8217;s concept shows planet KELT-9b orbiting its host star, KELT-9. It is the hottest gas giant planet discovered so far. Credits: NASA\/JPL-Caltech. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jpl.nasa.gov\/spaceimages\/details.php?id=PIA21472\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Full image and caption<\/a><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>After talking to the scientists, Hurt portrayed TRAPPIST-1c as dry and rocky. But because all seven planets are probably tidally locked, forever presenting one face to their star and the other to the cosmos, he placed an ice cap on the dark side.<\/p>\n<p>TRAPPIST-1d was one of three that fall inside the \u201chabitable zone\u201d of the star, or the right distance away from it to allow possible liquid water on the surface.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><em>\u201cThe researchers told us they would like to see it portrayed as something they called an \u2018eyeball world,\u2019\u201d Hurt said. \u201cYou have a dry, hot side that\u2019s facing the star and an ice cap on the back side. But somewhere in between, you have (a zone) where the ice could melt and be sustained as liquid water.\u201d \u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p>At this point, Hurt said, art intervened. The scientists rejected his first version of the planet, which showed liquid water intruding far into the \u201cdayside\u201d of TRAPPIST-1d. They argued that the water would most likely be found well within the planet\u2019s dark half.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><em>\u201cThen I kind of pushed back, and said, \u2018If it\u2019s on the dark side, no one can look at it and understand we\u2019re saying there\u2019s water there,\u2019\u201d <\/em><\/p>\n<p>Hurt said. They struck a compromise: more water toward the dayside than the science team might expect, but a better visual representation of the science.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_14483\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-14483\" style=\"width: 520px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jpl.nasa.gov\/spaceimages\/details.php?id=PIA17999\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"14483\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?attachment_id=14483\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/PIA17999_hires1.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1821,1024\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;NASA\/JPL-Caltech\/T. Pyle&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Kepler-186f, the First Earth-size Planet in the Habitable Zone (Artist&amp;#8217;s Concept)\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;This artist&amp;#8217;s concept by Tim Pyle depicts Kepler-186f, the first validated Earth-size planet to orbit a distant star in the habitable zone &amp;#8212; a range of distance from a star where liquid water might pool on the planet&amp;#8217;s surface.&lt;br \/&gt;\nCredits: NASA\/Ames\/SETI Institute\/JPL-Caltech&lt;br \/&gt;\nFull image and caption&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/PIA17999_hires1-1024x576.jpg\" class=\"wp-image-14483 size-large\" src=\"http:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/PIA17999_hires1-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"520\" height=\"293\" srcset=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/PIA17999_hires1-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/PIA17999_hires1-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/PIA17999_hires1-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/PIA17999_hires1.jpg 1821w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 520px) 100vw, 520px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-14483\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>This artist&#8217;s concept by Tim Pyle depicts Kepler-186f, the first validated Earth-size planet to orbit a distant star in the habitable zone &#8212; a range of distance from a star where liquid water might pool on the planet&#8217;s surface.\u00a0Credits: NASA\/Ames\/SETI Institute\/JPL-Caltech.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jpl.nasa.gov\/spaceimages\/details.php?id=PIA17999\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Full image and caption<\/a><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The same push and pull between science and art extends to other forms of astronomical visualization, whether it\u2019s a Valentine&#8217;s Day cartoon of a star pulsing like a heart in time with its planet, or materials for the blockbuster announcement of the first detection of gravitational waves by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory in February 2016. They&#8217;ve also illustrated asteroids, neutron stars, pulsars and brown dwarfs.<\/p>\n<p>Visualizations based on data can also inform science, leading to genuine scientific insights. The scientists\u2019 conclusions about TRAPPIST-1 at first seemed to suggest the planets would be bathed in red light, potentially obscuring features like blue-hued bodies of water.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><em>\u201cIt makes it hard to really differentiate what is going on,\u201d Hurt said.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Hurt decided to investigate. A colleague provided him with a spectrum of a red dwarf star similar to TRAPPIST-1. He overlaid that with the \u201cresponsivity curves\u201d of the human eye, and found that most of the scientists\u2019 \u201cred\u201d came from infrared light, invisible to human eyes. Subtract that, and what is left is a more reddish-orange hue that we might see standing on the surface of a TRAPPIST-1 world &#8212; \u201ckind of the same color you would expect to get from a low-wattage light bulb,\u201d Hurt said. \u201cAnd the scientists looked at that and said, \u2018Oh, ok, great, it\u2019s orange.\u2019 When the math tells you the answer, there really isn\u2019t a lot to argue about.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>For Hurt, the real goal of scientific illustration is to excite the public, engage them in the science, and provide a snapshot of scientific knowledge.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><em>\u201cIf you look at the whole history of space art, reaching back many, many decades, you will find you have a visual record,\u201d he said. \u201cThe art is a historical record of our changing understanding of the universe. It becomes a part of the story, and a part of the research, I think.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<p>For more information on exoplanets, visit:\u00a0\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/exoplanets.nasa.gov\/\">https:\/\/exoplanets.nasa.gov<\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"feature-credits\">\n<p><em>Written by Pat Brennan<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Here is a NASA article about how artists create imagery of planets around other stars\u00a0realistically despite the fact no one has ever seen such an exoplanet up close: The Art of Exoplanets The moon hanging in the night sky sent Robert Hurt\u2019s mind into deep space &#8212; to a region some 40 light years away, &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?p=14476\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">&#8220;The Art of Exoplanets&#8221; &#8211; The challenge of depicting what has not been seen<\/span> <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[12,20,13],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-14476","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-astronomy","category-space-arts","category-space-science"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p34aWK-3Lu","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":7076,"url":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?p=7076","url_meta":{"origin":14476,"position":0},"title":"SETI Institute video: Patterns of Sunlight on Extra-Solar Planets","author":"TopSpacer","date":"March 25, 2014","format":false,"excerpt":"Many of the exoplanets discovered so far are close to their stars and therefore, like our planet Mercury, will have their rotations and orbits locked together by the tidal forces on them. (Mercury rotates three times for every two orbits around the sun. ) In this video,\u00a0Tony Dobrovolskis of NASA\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Astronomy&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Astronomy","link":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?cat=12"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":11885,"url":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?p=11885","url_meta":{"origin":14476,"position":1},"title":"ESA\/Hubble: Study of 10 exo-Jupiter planets finds where the water is hiding","author":"TopSpacer","date":"December 14, 2015","format":false,"excerpt":"A report from the\u00a0ESA\/Hubble\u00a0team: Hubble reveals diversity of exoplanet atmospheres Largest ever comparative study solves missing water mystery Astronomers have used the NASA\/ESA Hubble Space Telescope and the NASA Spitzer Space Telescope to study the atmospheres of ten hot, Jupiter-sized exoplanets in detail, the largest number of such planets ever\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Astronomy&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Astronomy","link":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?cat=12"},"img":{"alt_text":"This image shows an artist\u2019s impression of the ten hot Jupiter exoplanets studied by David Sing and his colleagues. From top left to to lower left these planets are WASP-12b, WASP-6b, WASP-31b, WASP-39b, HD 189733b, HAT-P-12b, WASP-17b, WASP-19b, HAT-P-1b and HD 209458b. The images are to scale with each other. HAT-P-12b, the smallest of them, is approximately the size of Jupiter, while WASP-17b, the largest planet in the sample, is almost twice the size. The planets are also depicted with a variety of different cloud properties. There is almost no information about the colours of the planets available, with the exception of HD 189733b, which became known as the blue planet (heic1312). The hottest planets within the sample are portrayed with a glowing night side. This effect is strongest on WASP-12b, the hottest exoplanet in the sample, but also visible on WASP-19b and WASP-17b. It is also known that several of the planets exhibit strong Rayleigh scattering. This effect causes the blue hue of the daytime sky and the reddening of the Sun at sunset on Earth. It is also visible as a blue edge on the planets WASP-6b, HD 189733b, HAT-P-12b, and HD 209458b. The wind patterns shown on these ten planets, which resemble the visible structures on Jupiter, are based on theoretical models.","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/heic1524a1-1024x625.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":2702,"url":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?p=2702","url_meta":{"origin":14476,"position":2},"title":"WFIRST to use donated space telescope for exoplanet imaging","author":"TopSpacer","date":"June 10, 2013","format":false,"excerpt":"The WFIRST (Wide Field Infra-Red Survey Telescope) project aims to use one of the space telescopes donated to NASA by the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) last year primarily for the study of distant supernova and galaxies. However, it also will \"be a bonanza for exoplanet studies\" : Exoplanet capabilities of\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Astronomy&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Astronomy","link":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?cat=12"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":12612,"url":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?p=12612","url_meta":{"origin":14476,"position":3},"title":"Kepler mission confirms 1284 new exoplanets","author":"TopSpacer","date":"May 10, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"The latest results from the Kepler Mission: Kepler Mission Announces Largest Planet Collection Ever Discovered NASA's Kepler mission has verified 1,284 new planets \u2013 the single largest finding of planets to date. \u201cThis announcement more than doubles the number of confirmed planets from Kepler,\u201d said Ellen Stofan, chief scientist at\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Exoplanets&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Exoplanets","link":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?cat=46"},"img":{"alt_text":"kepler_all-planets_may2016[1]","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/kepler_all-planets_may20161.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":8402,"url":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?p=8402","url_meta":{"origin":14476,"position":4},"title":"Hubble finds three Jupiter sized exoplanets to be surprisingly dry","author":"TopSpacer","date":"July 24, 2014","format":false,"excerpt":"The Hubble telescope looks at three gas giants, or \"Hot Jupiters\", around distant stars that are similar to our sun and find little sign of water:\u00a0Surprised scientists come up \u2018nearly dry\u2019 in search for water on \u2018hot Jupiter\u2019 planets - The Washington Post Here is the NASA press release: Hubble\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Astronomy&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Astronomy","link":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?cat=12"},"img":{"alt_text":"Planet HD 209458b in the constellation Pegasus","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.nasa.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/673xvariable_height\/public\/14-197.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":5946,"url":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?p=5946","url_meta":{"origin":14476,"position":5},"title":"American Astronomical Society conf + New Kepler results + Reviving Kepler + Starshades","author":"TopSpacer","date":"January 6, 2014","format":false,"excerpt":"The\u00a0\u00a0223rd Meeting\u00a0\u00a0of the\u00a0American Astronomical Society is taking place in Washington this week. Exoplanets and the Kepler observatory have been a topic of discussion today. Jeff Foust is posting notes from some of the presentations:\u00a0Jeff Foust (jeff_foust) on Twitter. === The Kepler space observatory group released this today:\u00a0NASA Kepler Provides Insight\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Astronomy&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Astronomy","link":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?cat=12"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/img.youtube.com\/vi\/G68sqgRhP2E\/0.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14476","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=14476"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14476\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14484,"href":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14476\/revisions\/14484"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=14476"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=14476"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=14476"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}