{"id":13762,"date":"2017-01-18T01:55:23","date_gmt":"2017-01-18T06:55:23","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?p=13762"},"modified":"2017-01-18T01:55:23","modified_gmt":"2017-01-18T06:55:23","slug":"eso-alma-captures-beautiful-images-of-the-sun-in-millimetre-wavelength-light","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?p=13762","title":{"rendered":"ESO: ALMA captures beautiful images of the Sun in millimetre-wavelength light"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>A new report from\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.eso.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">ESO<\/a>\u00a0(European Southern Observatory) with beautiful images of the sun.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.eso.org\/public\/news\/eso1703\/?lang\" target=\"_d\">ALMA Starts Observing the Sun<\/a>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"text_intro pr_first\">New images taken with the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.eso.org\/alma\/\" target=\"_blank\">Atacama Large Millimeter\/submillimeter Array<\/a> (ALMA) in Chile have revealed otherwise invisible details of our Sun, including a new view of the dark, contorted centre of a sunspot that is nearly twice the diameter of the Earth. The images are the first ever made of the Sun with a facility where ESO is a partner. The results are an important expansion of the range of observations that can be used to probe the physics of our nearest star. The ALMA antennas had been carefully designed so they could image the Sun without being damaged by the intense heat of the focused light.<\/p>\n<p><figure id=\"attachment_13763\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-13763\" style=\"width: 520px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.eso.org\/public\/images\/eso1703a\/\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"13763\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?attachment_id=13763\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/eso1703a1.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1280,1246\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;ALMA (ESO\/NAOJ\/NRAO)&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;This ALMA image of an enormous sunspot was taken at a wavelength of 1.25 millimetres. Sunspots are transient features that occur in regions where the Sun\\u2019s magnetic field is extremely concentrated and powerful. They have lower temperatures than their surrounding regions, which is why they appear relatively dark.   These observations are the first ever made of the Sun with a facility where ESO is a\\u00a0partner. They are an important expansion of the range of observations that can be used to probe the mysterious physics of our nearest star.  \\u00a0&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1484665200&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;ALMA observes a giant sunspot (1.25 millimetres)&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"ALMA observes a giant sunspot (1.25 millimetres)\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;This ALMA image of an enormous sunspot was taken at a wavelength of 1.25 millimetres. Sunspots are transient features that occur in regions where the Sun\u2019s magnetic field is extremely concentrated and powerful. They have lower temperatures than their surrounding regions, which is why they appear relatively dark.   These observations are the first ever made of the Sun with a facility where ESO is a\u00a0partner. They are an important expansion of the range of observations that can be used to probe the mysterious physics of our nearest star.  \u00a0&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/eso1703a1-1024x997.jpg\" class=\"wp-image-13763 size-large\" src=\"http:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/eso1703a1-1024x997.jpg\" width=\"520\" height=\"506\" srcset=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/eso1703a1-1024x997.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/eso1703a1-300x292.jpg 300w, https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/eso1703a1-768x748.jpg 768w, https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/eso1703a1.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 520px) 100vw, 520px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-13763\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>This ALMA image of an enormous sunspot was taken at a wavelength of 1.25 millimetres. Sunspots are transient features that occur in regions where the Sun\u2019s magnetic field is extremely concentrated and powerful. They have lower temperatures than their surrounding regions, which is why they appear relatively dark. These observations are the first ever made of the Sun with a facility where ESO is a\u00a0partner. They are an important expansion of the range of observations that can be used to probe the mysterious physics of our nearest star. [<a href=\"http:\/\/www.eso.org\/public\/images\/eso1703a\/\" target=\"_blank\">Larger images<\/a>]<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>Astronomers have harnessed <a href=\"http:\/\/www.eso.org\/alma\/\" target=\"_blank\">ALMA<\/a>&#8216;s capabilities to image the millimetre-wavelength light emitted by the Sun\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chromosphere\" target=\"_blank\">chromosphere<\/a> \u2014 the region that lies just above the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Photosphere\" target=\"_blank\">photosphere<\/a>, which forms the visible surface of the Sun. The solar campaign team, an international group of astronomers with members from Europe, North America and East Asia <a href=\"#1\">[1]<\/a>, produced the images as a demonstration of ALMA\u2019s ability to study solar activity at longer wavelengths of light than are typically available to solar observatories on Earth.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"1600\" height=\"900\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Ett_2KUna0s?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=en&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><em>The ALMA telescope has been used to study the Sun for the first time. It is also the first time that an ESO facility has been used to study our nearest star.\u00a0<\/em><em>This ESOcast Light takes a quick look at the main facts and why this is an important step for the future of solar observing.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Astronomers have studied the Sun and probed its dynamic surface and energetic atmosphere in many ways through the centuries. But, to achieve a fuller understanding, astronomers need to study it across the entire electromagnetic spectrum, including the millimetre and submillimetre portion that ALMA can observe.<\/p>\n<p><figure id=\"attachment_13764\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-13764\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.eso.org\/public\/images\/eso1703c\/\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"13764\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?attachment_id=13764\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/eso1703c1.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"700,700\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;ALMA (ESO\/NAOJ\/NRAO)&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;A map of the whole disc of the Sun was also made with a single ALMA antenna, using a technique called fast-scanning, at a wavelength of 1.25 millimetres. The accuracy and speed of observing with a single ALMA antenna make it possible to produce a map of the entire solar disc in just a few minutes. These maps show the distribution of temperatures in the chromosphere over the whole disc at low spatial resolution and therefore complement the detailed interferometric images of individual regions of interest.&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1484665200&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;ALMA observes the full solar disc&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"ALMA observes the full solar disc\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;A map of the whole disc of the Sun was also made with a single ALMA antenna, using a technique called fast-scanning, at a wavelength of 1.25 millimetres. The accuracy and speed of observing with a single ALMA antenna make it possible to produce a map of the entire solar disc in just a few minutes. These maps show the distribution of temperatures in the chromosphere over the whole disc at low spatial resolution and therefore complement the detailed interferometric images of individual regions of interest.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/eso1703c1.jpg\" class=\"wp-image-13764\" src=\"http:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/eso1703c1.jpg\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/eso1703c1.jpg 700w, https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/eso1703c1-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/eso1703c1-300x300.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-13764\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>A map of the whole disc of the Sun was also made with a single ALMA antenna, using a technique called fast-scanning, at a wavelength of 1.25 millimetres. The accuracy and speed of observing with a single ALMA antenna make it possible to produce a map of the entire solar disc in just a few minutes. These maps show the distribution of temperatures in the chromosphere over the whole disc at low spatial resolution and therefore complement the detailed interferometric images of individual regions of interest. [<a href=\"http:\/\/www.eso.org\/public\/images\/eso1703c\/\" target=\"_blank\">Larger image<\/a>.]<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>Since the Sun is many billions of times brighter than the faint objects ALMA typically observes, the ALMA antennas were specially designed to allow them to image the Sun in exquisite detail using the technique of radio interferometry \u2014 and avoid damage from the intense heat of the focussed sunlight <a href=\"#2\">[2]<\/a>. The result of this work is a series of images that demonstrate ALMA\u2019s unique vision and ability to study our Sun.The data from the solar observing campaign are being released this week to the worldwide astronomical community for further study and analysis.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"1600\" height=\"900\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/awoyqU9fkVU?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=en&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><em>This comparison video starts with a view of the solar disc at ultraviolet wavelengths from the NASA Solar Dynamics Observatory. The final view of the disc comes from recent observations by ALMA at millimetre wavelengths.\u00a0Credit:\u00a0NASA-SDO, ALMA (ESO\/NAOJ\/NRAO)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>The team observed an enormous <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sunspot\" target=\"_blank\">sunspot<\/a> at wavelengths of 1.25 millimetres and 3 millimetres using two of ALMA&#8217;s receiver bands. The images reveal differences in temperature between parts of the Sun&#8217;s chromosphere <a href=\"#3\">[3]<\/a>. Understanding the heating and dynamics of the chromosphere are key areas of research that will be addressed in the future using ALMA.<\/p>\n<p>Sunspots are transient features that occur in regions where the Sun&#8217;s magnetic field is extremely concentrated and powerful. They are lower in temperature than the surrounding regions, which is why they appear relatively dark.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"1600\" height=\"900\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/piisQFjSG8Q?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=en&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><em>This video shows a major sunspot on the surface of the Sun. The initial view is in visible light, from NASA&#8217;s Solar Dynamics Observatory and the final view is from ALMA, at millimetre wavelengths.\u00a0Credit: \u00a0NASA-SDO, ALMA (ESO\/NAOJ\/NRAO)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>The difference in appearance between the two images is due to the different wavelengths of emitted light being observed. Observations at shorter wavelengths are able to probe deeper into the Sun, meaning the 1.25 millimetre images show a layer of the chromosphere that is deeper, and therefore closer to the photosphere, than those made at a wavelength of 3 millimetres.<\/p>\n<p>ALMA is the first facility where ESO is a partner that allows astronomers to study the nearest star, our own Sun. All other existing and past ESO facilities need to be protected from the intense solar radiation to avoid damage. The new ALMA capabilities will expand the ESO community to include solar astronomers.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Notes<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a class=\"anchor\" name=\"1\"><\/a>[1]\u00a0The ALMA Solar Campaign team includes:\u00a0Shin&#8217;ichiro Asayama, East Asia ALMA Support Center, Tokyo, Japan;\u00a0Miroslav Barta, Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ondrejov, Czech Republic;\u00a0Tim Bastian, National Radio Astronomy Observatory, USA;\u00a0Roman Brajsa, Hvar Observatory, Faculty of Geodesy, University of Zagreb, Croatia;\u00a0Bin Chen, New Jersey Institute of Technology, USA;\u00a0Bart De Pontieu, LMSAL, USA;\u00a0Gregory Fleishman, New Jersey Institute of Technology, USA;\u00a0Dale Gary, New Jersey Institute of Technology, USA;\u00a0Antonio Hales, Joint ALMA Observatory, Chile;\u00a0Akihiko Hirota, Joint ALMA Observatory, Chile;\u00a0Hugh Hudson, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, UK;\u00a0Richard Hills, Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, UK;\u00a0Kazumasa Iwai, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Japan;\u00a0Sujin Kim, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daejeon, Republic of Korea;\u00a0Neil Philips, Joint ALMA Observatory, Chile;\u00a0Tsuyoshi Sawada, Joint ALMA Observatory, Chile;\u00a0Masumi Shimojo (interferometry lead), NAOJ, Tokyo, Japan;\u00a0Giorgio Siringo, Joint ALMA Observatory, Chile;\u00a0Ivica Skokic, Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ondrejov, Czech Republic;\u00a0Sven Wedemeyer, Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Norway;\u00a0Stephen White (single dish lead), AFRL, USA;\u00a0Pavel Yagoubov, ESO, Garching, Germany\u00a0and Yihua Yan, NAO, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"anchor\" name=\"2\"><\/a>[2] Indeed, this lesson has been learned the hard way: the\u00a0Swedish\u2013ESO Submillimetre Telescope\u00a0(SEST) had a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.eso.org\/public\/images\/?search=%2Bsest+%2Bfire\" target=\"_blank\">fire in its secondary<\/a> mirror assembly after the telescope was accidentally pointed at the Sun.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"anchor\" name=\"3\"><\/a>[3] A map of the whole disc of the Sun was also made with a single ALMA antenna, using a technique called fast-scanning, at a wavelength of 1.25 millimetres. The accuracy and speed of observing with a single ALMA antenna makes it possible to produce a map of the entire solar disc in just a few minutes. These maps show the distribution of temperatures in the chromosphere over the whole disc at low spatial resolution and therefore complement the detailed interferometric images of individual regions of interest.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A new report from\u00a0ESO\u00a0(European Southern Observatory) with beautiful images of the sun. ALMA Starts Observing the Sun\u00a0 New images taken with the Atacama Large Millimeter\/submillimeter Array (ALMA) in Chile have revealed otherwise invisible details of our Sun, including a new view of the dark, contorted centre of a sunspot that is nearly twice the diameter &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?p=13762\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">ESO: ALMA captures beautiful images of the Sun in millimetre-wavelength light<\/span> <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[12,31],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-13762","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-astronomy","category-solar-science"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p34aWK-3zY","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":26972,"url":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?p=26972","url_meta":{"origin":13762,"position":0},"title":"ESO: Surface bubbles of another star tracked in highest detail ever","author":"TopSpacer","date":"September 11, 2024","format":false,"excerpt":"A new report from the European Southern Observatory (ESO): Astronomers track bubbles on star\u2019s surface in most detailed video yet For the first time, astronomers have captured images of a star other than the Sun in enough detail to track the motion of bubbling gas on its surface. The images\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Astronomy&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Astronomy","link":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?cat=12"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/eso2412a1-500x201.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":21067,"url":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?p=21067","url_meta":{"origin":13762,"position":1},"title":"ESO: ALMA spots red giant engulfing companion star","author":"TopSpacer","date":"February 5, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"The latest report from the European Southern Observatory (ESO): ALMA catches beautiful outcome of stellar fight Astronomers using the Atacama Large Millimeter\/submillimeter Array (ALMA), in which ESO is a partner, have spotted a peculiar gas cloud that resulted from a confrontation between two stars. One star grew so large it\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Astronomy&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Astronomy","link":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?cat=12"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/eso2002a1-500x360.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":14159,"url":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?p=14159","url_meta":{"origin":13762,"position":2},"title":"ESO: ALMA radio telescope array captures stellar fireworks in Orion Nebula","author":"TopSpacer","date":"April 7, 2017","format":false,"excerpt":"A new report from\u00a0ESO\u00a0(European Southern Observatory): ALMA Captures Dramatic Stellar Fireworks\u00a0 Stellar explosions are most often associated with supernovae, the spectacular deaths of stars. But new ALMA observations provide insights into explosions at the other end of the stellar life cycle, star birth. Astronomers captured these dramatic images as they\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Astronomy&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Astronomy","link":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?cat=12"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/eso1711a1.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":12426,"url":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?p=12426","url_meta":{"origin":13762,"position":3},"title":"ESO: Detailed image of a protoplanetary disc around a Sun-like star","author":"TopSpacer","date":"April 1, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"A new report from\u00a0ESO\u00a0(European Southern Observatory): ALMA\u2019s Most Detailed Image of a Protoplanetary Disc This new image from the Atacama Large Millimeter\/submillimeter Array (ALMA) shows the finest detail ever seen in the planet-forming disc around the nearby Sun-like star TW Hydrae. It reveals a tantalising gap at the same distance\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Astronomy&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Astronomy","link":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?cat=12"},"img":{"alt_text":"eso1611a[1]","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/eso1611a1.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":14022,"url":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?p=14022","url_meta":{"origin":13762,"position":4},"title":"ESO: ALMA observes galaxy formed when the universe was very young","author":"TopSpacer","date":"March 8, 2017","format":false,"excerpt":"The latest report from\u00a0ESO\u00a0(European Southern Observatory): Ancient Stardust Sheds Light on the First Stars Most distant object ever observed by ALMA Astronomers have used ALMA to detect a huge mass of glowing stardust in a galaxy seen when the Universe was only four percent of its present age. 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