{"id":13341,"date":"2016-10-13T11:21:13","date_gmt":"2016-10-13T15:21:13","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?p=13341"},"modified":"2016-10-13T11:21:13","modified_gmt":"2016-10-13T15:21:13","slug":"hubble-observable-universe-holds-ten-times-more-galaxies-than-previously-thought","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?p=13341","title":{"rendered":"Hubble: Observable universe holds ten times more galaxies than previously thought"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The latest\u00a0finding with the\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.spacetelescope.org\/\">Hubble space telescope<\/a>:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.spacetelescope.org\/news\/heic1620\/?lang\">Observable Universe contains ten times more galaxies<br \/>\nthan previously thought<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_13342\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-13342\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/heic1620a1.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"13342\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?attachment_id=13342\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/heic1620a1.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"700,427\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;NASA, ESA\/Hubble&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;Among other data, scientists used the galaxies visible in the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey (GOODS) to recalculate the total number of galaxies in the observable Universe. The image was taken by the NASA\/ESA Hubble Space Telescope and covers a portion of the southern field of GOODS. This is a large galaxy census, a deep-sky study by several observatories to trace the formation and evolution of galaxies.&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1476374400&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;GOODS South field&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"GOODS South field\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Among other data, scientists used the galaxies visible in the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey (GOODS) to recalculate the total number of galaxies in the observable Universe. The image was taken by the NASA\/ESA Hubble Space Telescope and covers a portion of the southern field of GOODS. This is a large galaxy census, a deep-sky study by several observatories to trace the formation and evolution of galaxies.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/heic1620a1.jpg\" class=\"wp-image-13342\" src=\"http:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/heic1620a1.jpg\" alt=\"Among other data, scientists used the galaxies visible in the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey (GOODS) to recalculate the total number of galaxies in the observable Universe. The image was taken by the NASA\/ESA Hubble Space Telescope and covers a portion of the southern field of GOODS. This is a large galaxy census, a deep-sky study by several observatories to trace the formation and evolution of galaxies.\" width=\"500\" height=\"305\" srcset=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/heic1620a1.jpg 700w, https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/heic1620a1-300x183.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-13342\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Among other data, scientists used the galaxies visible in the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey (GOODS) to recalculate the total number of galaxies in the observable Universe. The image was taken by the NASA\/ESA Hubble Space Telescope and covers a portion of the southern field of GOODS. This is a large galaxy census, a deep-sky study by several observatories to trace the formation and evolution of galaxies. [<a href=\"http:\/\/www.spacetelescope.org\/images\/heic1620a\/\" target=\"_blank\">Larger images<\/a>]<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"text_intro pr_first\">Astronomers using data from the NASA\/ESA Hubble Space Telescopes and other telescopes have performed an accurate census of the number of galaxies in the Universe. The group came to the surprising conclusion that there are at least 10 times as many galaxies in the observable Universe as previously thought. The results have clear implications for our understanding of galaxy formation, and also help solve an ancient astronomical paradox \u2014 why is the sky dark at night?<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"1600\" height=\"900\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/eEbLT_U0XyY?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=en&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><em>Since Edwin Hubble discovered that the Milky Way is not the only galaxy in the Universe astronomers try to find out how many of them are there. This <a href=\"http:\/\/www.spacetelescope.org\/videos\/heic1620a\/\" target=\"_blank\">new Hubblecast<\/a> focusses on the question \u201cHow many galaxies are there?\u201d including the new numbers achieved in 2016.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>One of the most fundamental questions in astronomy is that of just how many galaxies the Universe contains. The <a href=\"http:\/\/www.spacetelescope.org\/science\/deep_fields\/\" target=\"_blank\">Hubble Deep Field images<\/a>, captured in the mid 1990s, gave the first real insight into this. Myriad faint galaxies were revealed, and it was estimated that the observable Universe contains about 100 billion galaxies <a href=\"#1\">[1]<\/a>. Now, an international team, led by Christopher Conselice from the University of Nottingham, UK, have shown that this figure is at least ten times too low.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"1600\" height=\"900\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/xhYcFJyg3Sw?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=en&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><em>This animation demonstrates the evolution of galaxy size and number over cosmic time. It starts with the modern Universe with rather few and large galaxies \u2014 as they can be seen in our cosmic neighbourhood \u2014 and ends with a view of the early Universe with many tiny galaxies.\u00a0Credit:\u00a0ESA\/Hubble, M. Kornmesser<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Conselice and his team reached this conclusion using deep space images from Hubble, data from his team\u2019s previous work, and other published data <a href=\"#2\">[2]<\/a>. They painstakingly converted the images into 3D, in order to make accurate measurements of the number of galaxies at different times in the Universe\u2019s history. In addition, they used new mathematical models which allowed them to infer the existence of galaxies which the current generation of telescopes cannot observe. This led to the surprising realisation that in order for the numbers to add up, some 90% of the galaxies in the observable Universe are actually too faint and too far away to be seen \u2014 yet.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><em>\u201cIt boggles the mind that over 90% of the galaxies in the Universe have yet to be studied. Who knows what interesting properties we will find when we observe these galaxies with the next generation of telescopes,\u201d<\/em> explains Christopher Conselice about the far-reaching implications of the new results.<\/p>\n<p>In analysing the data the team looked more than 13 billion years into the past. This showed them that galaxies are not evenly distributed throughout the Universe\u2019s history. In fact, it appears that there were a factor of 10 more galaxies per unit volume when the Universe was only a few billion years old compared with today. Most of these galaxies were relatively small and faint, with masses similar to those of the satellite galaxies surrounding the Milky Way.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"1600\" height=\"900\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/OVlWfKy2BWg?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=en&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><em>This animation demonstrates the lookback into the distant, early Universe. While the modern Universe contains in average larger galaxies, the early Universe is dominated by many tiny galaxies.\u00a0Credit:\u00a0ESA\/Hubble, M. Kornmesser<\/em><\/p>\n<p>These results are powerful evidence that a significant evolution has taken place throughout the Universe\u2019s history, an evolution during which galaxies merged together, dramatically reducing their total number. <em>\u201cThis gives us a verification of the so-called top-down formation of structure in the Universe,\u201d<\/em> explains Conselice.<\/p>\n<p>The decreasing number of galaxies as time progresses also contributes to the solution of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Olbers%27_paradox\" target=\"_blank\">Olbers\u2019 paradox<\/a> \u2014 why the sky is dark at night <a href=\"#3\">[3]<\/a>. The team came to the conclusion that there is such an abundance of galaxies that, in principle, every point in the sky contains part of a galaxy. However, most of these galaxies are invisible to the human eye and even to modern telescopes, owing to a combination of factors: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Redshift\" target=\"_blank\">redshifting<\/a> of light, the Universe\u2019s dynamic nature and the absorption of light by intergalactic dust and gas, all combine to ensure that the night sky remains mostly dark.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"1600\" height=\"900\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/gZHVyIQwJFo?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=en&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><em>This animation starts with a lookback into the early Universe. The local, modern Universe with large and evolved galaxies can be seen to the left. The distant, early Universe with many tiny and primordial galaxies can be seen to the right. These galaxies grew through mergers to the galaxies we see today.\u00a0The animation slowly turns by 90 degree and ends with a view similar to the Hubble Deep fields.\u00a0Credit:\u00a0ESA\/Hubble, M. Kornmesser<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Notes<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a class=\"anchor\" name=\"1\"><\/a>[1] The limited speed of light and the age of the Universe mean that the entire Universe cannot be seen from Earth. The part visible within our <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_cosmological_horizons\" target=\"_blank\">cosmological horizon<\/a> is called the observable Universe.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"anchor\" name=\"2\"><\/a>[2] The study uses data from Perez-Gonzalez et al. (2008), Kajisawa et al. (2009), Fontanta et al. (2004, 2006), Caputi et al. (2011), Pozzetti et al. (2009), Mortlock et al. (2011), Muzzin et al. (2013), Mortlock et al. (2015), Duncan et al. (2014), Grazian et al. (2015), Tomczak et al. (2014) and Song et al. (2015).<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"anchor\" name=\"3\"><\/a>[3] The astronomer Heinrich Olbers argued that the night sky should be permanently flooded by light, because in an unchanging Universe filled with an infinite number of stars, every single part of the sky should be occupied by a bright object. However, our modern understanding of the Universe is that it is both finite and dynamic \u2014 not infinite and static.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"1600\" height=\"900\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/X9bH2B4eCUQ?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=en&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">This video pans across the southern field of the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey (GOODS). GOODS is a large galaxy census, a deep-sky study by several observatories to trace the formation and evolution of galaxies.\u00a0Credit:\u00a0NASA, ESA\/Hubble, Music:\u00a0Johan B. Monell (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.johanmonell.com\" target=\"_blank\">www.johanmonell.com<\/a>)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The latest\u00a0finding with the\u00a0Hubble space telescope: Observable Universe contains ten times more galaxies than previously thought Astronomers using data from the NASA\/ESA Hubble Space Telescopes and other telescopes have performed an accurate census of the number of galaxies in the Universe. The group came to the surprising conclusion that there are at least 10 times &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?p=13341\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Hubble: Observable universe holds ten times more galaxies than previously thought<\/span> <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[12],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-13341","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-astronomy"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p34aWK-3tb","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":7374,"url":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?p=7374","url_meta":{"origin":13341,"position":0},"title":"Hubble image captures galaxies near and far and in-between","author":"TopSpacer","date":"April 17, 2014","format":false,"excerpt":"A report from\u00a0ESA\/Hubble: A cross-section of the Universe An image of a galaxy cluster taken by the NASA\/ESA Hubble Space Telescope gives a remarkable cross-section of the Universe, showing objects at different distances and stages in cosmic history. They range from cosmic near neighbours to objects seen in the early\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Astronomy&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Astronomy","link":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?cat=12"},"img":{"alt_text":"heic1408a","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/heic1408a.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":12715,"url":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?p=12715","url_meta":{"origin":13341,"position":1},"title":"New Hubble measurements show universe expanding faster than expected","author":"TopSpacer","date":"June 2, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"A new finding from the\u00a0NASA\/ESA Hubble Space Telescope Hubble finds Universe may be expanding faster than expected Astronomers have used Hubble to measure the distances to stars in nineteen galaxies more accurately than previously possible. They found that the Universe is currently expanding faster than the rate derived from measurements\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Astronomy&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Astronomy","link":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?cat=12"},"img":{"alt_text":"For the calibration of relatively short distances the team observed Cepheid variables. These are pulsating stars which fade and brighten at rates that are proportional to their true brightness and this property allows astronomers to determine their distances. The researchers calibrated the distances to the Cepheids using a basic geometrical technique called parallax. With Hubble\u2019s sharp-eyed Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3), they extended the parallax measurements further than previously possible, across the Milky Way galaxy. To get accurate distances to nearby galaxies, the team then looked for galaxies containing both Cepheids and Type Ia supernovae. Type Ia supernovae always have the same intrinsic brightness and are also bright enough to be seen at relatively large distances. By comparing the observed brightness of both types of stars in those nearby galaxies, the team could then accurately measure the true brightness of the supernova. Using this calibrated rung on the distance ladder the accurate distance to additional 300 type Ia supernovae in far-flung galaxies was calculated. They compare those distance measurements with how the light from the supernovae is stretched to longer wavelengths by the expansion of space. Finally, they use these two values to calculate how fast the universe expands with time, called the Hubble constant.","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/heic1611a1-1024x666.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":15246,"url":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?p=15246","url_meta":{"origin":13341,"position":2},"title":"ESO: The Very Large Telescope looks deeper into the Hubble Ultra Deep Field","author":"TopSpacer","date":"November 29, 2017","format":false,"excerpt":"The latest ESO (European Southern Observatory) report: MUSE Probes Uncharted Depths of Hubble Ultra Deep Field Deepest ever spectroscopic survey completed Astronomers using the MUSE instrument on ESO\u2019s Very Large Telescope in Chile have conducted the deepest spectroscopic survey ever. They focused on the Hubble Ultra Deep Field, measuring distances\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Astronomy&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Astronomy","link":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?cat=12"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/eso1738a1-1012x1024.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":13232,"url":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?p=13232","url_meta":{"origin":13341,"position":3},"title":"ESO: ALMA sees fast star formation in very early high-mass galaxies","author":"TopSpacer","date":"September 22, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"Here's a new\u00a0report from the European Southern Observatory (ESO): ALMA Explores the Hubble Ultra Deep Field International teams of astronomers have used the Atacama Large Millimeter\/submillimeter Array (ALMA) to explore the distant corner of the Universe first revealed in the iconic images of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field (HUDF). These\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Astronomy&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Astronomy","link":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?cat=12"},"img":{"alt_text":"This image combines a background picture taken by the NASA\/ESA Hubble Space Telescope (blue\/green) with a new very deep ALMA view of this field (orange, marked with circles). All the objects that ALMA sees appear to be massive star-forming galaxies. This image is based on the ALMA survey by J. 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