{"id":11922,"date":"2015-12-16T07:00:07","date_gmt":"2015-12-16T12:00:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?p=11922"},"modified":"2015-12-14T14:38:14","modified_gmt":"2015-12-14T19:38:14","slug":"eso-alma-antennas-find-signs-of-new-planets-in-discs-around-young-stars","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?p=11922","title":{"rendered":"ESO: ALMA antennas find signs of new planets in discs around young stars"},"content":{"rendered":"

A new report from\u00a0ESO<\/a>\u00a0(European Southern Observatory):<\/p>\n

ALMA Reveals Planetary Construction Sites<\/strong>
\n<\/a>New evidence for young planets in discs around young stars<\/em><\/p>\n

Astronomers using the Atacama Large Millimeter\/submillimeter Array<\/a> (ALMA) have found the clearest indications yet that planets with masses several times that of Jupiter have recently formed in the discs of gas and dust around four young stars. Measurements of the gas around the stars also provide additional clues about the properties of those planets.<\/p>\n

\"Artist\u2019s<\/a>
Artist\u2019s impression<\/a> of a transitional disc around a young star. Astronomers using the Atacama Large Millimeter\/submillimeter Array (ALMA) have found telltale differences between the gaps in the gas and the dust in discs around four young stars. These new observations are the clearest indications yet that planets with masses several times that of Jupiter have recently formed in these discs.\u00a0Credit:\u00a0ALMA (ESO\/NAOJ\/NRAO)\/M. Kornmesser<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Planets are found around nearly every star, but astronomers still do not fully understand how \u2014 and under what conditions \u2014 they form. To answer such questions, they study the rotating discs of gas and dust present around young stars from which planets are built. But these discs are small and far from Earth, and the power of ALMA<\/a> was needed for them to reveal their secrets.<\/p>\n

\"Schematic<\/a>
Schematic view<\/a> of a transitional disc around a young star. Astronomers using the Atacama Large Millimeter\/submillimeter Array (ALMA) have found telltale differences between the gaps in the gas and the dust in discs around four young stars. These new observations are the clearest indications yet that planets with masses several times that of Jupiter have recently formed in these discs. This schematic diagram shows how the dust (brown) and gas (blue) is distributed around the star, and how a young planet is clearing the central gap.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

A special class of discs, called transitional discs, have a surprising absence of dust in their centres, in the region around the star. Two main ideas have been put forward to explain these mysterious gaps. Firstly, the strong stellar winds and intense radiation could have blown away or destroyed the encircling material [1]<\/a>. Alternatively, massive young planets in the process of formation could have cleared the material as they orbit the star [2]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

http:\/\/cdn.eso.org\/videos\/hd_and_apple\/eso1549a.m4v<\/a><\/video><\/div>\n

Astronomers using the Atacama Large Millimeter\/submillimeter Array (ALMA) have found telltale differences between the gaps in the gas and the dust in discs around four young stars. These new observations are the clearest indications yet that planets with masses several times that of Jupiter have recently formed in these discs.\u00a0Credit:\u00a0ALMA (ESO\/NAOJ\/NRAO)\/M. Kornmesser<\/em><\/p>\n

The unparalleled sensitivity and image sharpness of ALMA have now allowed the team of astronomers, led by Nienke van der Marel from the Leiden Observatory<\/a> in the Netherlands to map the distribution of gas and dust in four of these transitional discs better than ever before [3]<\/a>. This in turn has allowed them to choose between the two options as the cause of the gaps for the first time.<\/p>\n

\"ALMA<\/a>
ALMA imaging<\/a> of the transitional disc HD 135344B. This ALMA image combines a view of the dust around the young star HD 135344B (orange) with a view of the gaseous material (blue). The smaller hole in the inner gas is a telltale sign of the presence of a young planet clearing the disc. The bar at the bottom of the image indicates the diameter of the orbit of Neptune in the Solar System (60 AU).<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The new images show that there are significant amounts of gas within the dust gaps [4]<\/a>. But to the team\u2019s surprise, the gas also possessed a gap, up to three times smaller than that of the dust.<\/p>\n

http:\/\/cdn.eso.org\/videos\/hd_and_apple\/eso1549b.m4v<\/a><\/video><\/div>\n

Astronomers using the Atacama Large Millimeter\/submillimeter Array (ALMA) have found telltale differences between the gaps in the gas and the dust in discs around four young stars. These new observations are the clearest indications yet that planets with masses several times that of Jupiter have recently formed in these discs.\u00a0Credit:\u00a0ALMA (ESO\/NAOJ\/NRAO)\/M. Kornmesser<\/em><\/p>\n

This could only be explained by the scenario in which newly formed massive planets have cleared the gas as they travelled around their orbits, but trapped the dust particles further out [5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u201cPrevious observations already hinted at the presence of gas inside the dust gaps,<\/em>\u201d explains Nienke van der Marel. \u201cBut as ALMA can image the material in the entire disc in much greater detail than other facilities, we could rule out the alternative scenario. The deep gap points clearly to the presence of planets with several times the mass of Jupiter, creating these caverns as they sweep through the disc.<\/em>\u201d<\/p>\n

Remarkably, these observations were conducted utilising just one tenth of the current resolving power of ALMA, as they were performed whilst half of the array was still under construction on the Chajnantor Plateau in northern Chile.<\/p>\n

\"ALMA<\/a>
ALMA imaging<\/a> of the transitional disc DoAr 44. This ALMA image combines a view of the dust around the young star DoAr 44 (orange) with a view of the gaseous material (blue). The smaller hole in the inner gas is a telltale sign of the presence of a young planet clearing the disc. The bar at the bottom of the image indicates the diameter of the orbit of Neptune in the Solar System (60 AU).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Further studies are now needed to determine whether more transitional discs also point towards this planet-clearing scenario, although ALMA\u2019s observations have, in the meantime, provided astronomers with a valuable new insight into the complex process of planetary formation.<\/p>\n

\u201cAll the transitional discs studied so far that have large dust cavities also have gas cavities. So, with ALMA, we can now find out where and when giant planets are being born in these discs, and compare these results with planet formation models,<\/em>\u201d says Ewine van Dishoeck, also of Leiden University and the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics in Garching [6]<\/a>. \u201cDirect planetary detection is just within reach of current instruments, and the next generation telescopes currently under construction, such as the European Extremely Large Telescope, will be able to go much further. ALMA is pointing out where they will need to look<\/em>.\u201d<\/p>\n

Notes<\/p>\n

<\/a>[1] This process, which clears the dust and gas from the inside out, is known as photoevaporation<\/a>.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[2] Such planets are difficult to observe directly (eso1310<\/a>) and previous studies at millimetre wavelengths (eso1325<\/a>) have failed to achieve a sharp view of their inner, planet-forming zones where these different explanations could be put to the test. Other studies (eso0827<\/a>) could not measure the bulk of the gas in these discs.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[3] The four targets of these investigations were SR 21<\/a>, HD 135344B<\/a> (also known as SAO 206462), DoAr 44<\/a> and Oph IRS 48<\/a>.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[4] The gas present in transitional discs consists primarily of hydrogen, and is traced through observations of the carbon monoxide<\/a> \u2014 or CO \u2014 molecule.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[5] The process of dust trapping is explained in an earlier release (eso1325<\/a>).<\/p>\n

<\/a>[6] Other examples include the HD 142527 (eso1301<\/a> and here<\/a>) and J1604-2130 transitional discs.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

A new report from\u00a0ESO\u00a0(European Southern Observatory): ALMA Reveals Planetary Construction Sites New evidence for young planets in discs around young stars Astronomers using the Atacama Large Millimeter\/submillimeter Array (ALMA) have found the clearest indications yet that planets with masses several times that of Jupiter have recently formed in the discs of gas and dust around … Continue reading ESO: ALMA antennas find signs of new planets in discs around young stars<\/span> →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[12],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-11922","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-astronomy"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p34aWK-36i","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":26557,"url":"https:\/\/hobbyspace.com\/Blog\/?p=26557","url_meta":{"origin":11922,"position":0},"title":"ESO: Survey of exoplanet star systems sheds light on planet formation","author":"TopSpacer","date":"March 5, 2024","format":false,"excerpt":"A new report from the European Southern Observatory (ESO): Groundbreaking survey reveals secrets of planet birth around dozens of stars In a series of studies, a team of astronomers has shed new light on the fascinating and complex process of planet formation. 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